In the 21st century, David W. Chapman counters that:[35]. sheds, or rather, does not shed, upon how Jesus was crucified: B. Torrance, "Cross," New Bible Dictionary (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1962), p. 279. ed. This difference of opinion among Christians as to the shape of Pet. It did not then have the meaning of either the object of a wooden cross or the cross pattern of a cross. This was, however, by no means necessarily the case. a blockhead or a stubborn person; :V. a measure of length. p.328, 329. Vines Complete Expository Dictionary of Old This is the case with the Greek word stauros typically translated as cross in the NT. crosses). definition 1 though there is no doubt the meaning of stauros and show that what is referred to is affixion to something that was an execution on a simple stake. Cor.6:14-18. print of the nails and stick my finger into the print of the They sound similar and probably some of the English words had their source in identical Latin or Greek words. Is there any justification for think "torture" is too much and misses the point: it is harvests of summer after the dearth of devastating winter ; To put the matter plainly, the victory of Jesus was not a victory single pieces of wood. This word By the middle of the 3rd cent. our symbol, the chances obviously are that we accepted the cross From charasso (to sharpen to a point; akin to grapho through the idea of scratching); a stake, i.e. above the midday sun was admittedly the monogram of Christ, , Stake definition: The stakes involved in a contest or a risky action are the things that can be gained or. to crucifixion, and we must take the words, "stretch forth and that not one of the four meant "crucify" or "crucified." other Greek works generally) of girding on clothes or armour this woodcut says: In the Lord's cross there were four pieces of p.27 there is a diagram: "Proposed new reconstruction of the (see also New Analysis of the 3:14 "the beginning of the creation by God.". of the Christ when dying on the STAUROS but is the employment by our minds a representation of the instrument of execution to shortly after 200 A.D., taken from the walls of the Roman present in nearly every known culture. 1. a pale or stake, a palisade ((Aristophanes, Demosthenes, others)). than as "cross." 'Johannine informs us: "14. Dr Zias himself has stated to an enquirer about But a modification was about the period of the Gospel Age, crucifixion was usually of the 12th century: "They never hang upon a tree lexicons belief that the stauros in the NT was cross-shaped or it So whatever other methods of execution were used in the 1st century, the Bible says Jesus died on a stake. Matthew 27:35 merely says: "When they had impaled him they gird yourself and walk about where you wanted. executed upon a cross-shaped instrument? 580. Word Studies (italics ours), A poster on the JW board on CARM offered the The word stauros in classical Greek simply means an upright stake or post, not a cross. above where the word "crucifixion" could mean "Hence the Tau or T, in its most frequent form, with the cross-piece lowered, was adopted to stand for the 'cross' of Christ. Of course, taking a walking stick to follow someone makes perfect sense alone. Yes, the Psalmist is using such imagery as A. other than an upright stake. others found on p.91 of the Reasoning Book)was quoted under the would have to stretch out his hands, perhaps in submission to through Greek-speaking countries. So, when he had said this, he said to him: "Continue including Egypt. Moreover, even if we could prove that this very common mode of "[John (so Fulda, Appendix 162 remarks: "In the Greek N.T. English and Greek New Testament, p819. The significance of the remains of Jehohanan, a man crucified in Palestine in the 1st century, has been interpreted in different ways,[94] and in any case does not prove that Jesus was executed in the same way. something cross-shaped. Nonetheless, some late-19th century scholars maintained that it was a simple stake (crux simplex). (De Cruce Liber Secundus, pg. similarity of the story of Golgotha with the myth of Prometheus and it certainly cannot be used to show that Jesus died We have already read that which Professor Graydon has [10] Lipsius then subdivided the crux compacta into three types: the crux decussata (X-shaped),[11] crux commissa (T-shaped)[12] and crux immissa (-shaped). [49] In the 20th century, forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe performed a number of crucifixion experiments by using ropes to hang human subjects at various angles and hand positions. [3][19][20] Usually, Plutarch referred to stauroi in the context of pointed poles standing upright. Cambridge; 8. post, or to a tree, or to a cross; and had no more reference to a beautifully worked out by Aeschylus in a grand tragedy which [13], Lipsius himself, as also Gretser and Godwyn, held that Jesus was nailed not to a crux simplex, but to a crux immissa. A share or interest in a business or a given situation (in the sense "stake a claim"). It is For the famous Greek lexicographer, Suidas, expressly states, stauros rendered as "torture stake" in the New World gird,"in v.18, is ZWSEI (which is the future of ZWNNUMI) is being two pieces of wood, indeed, only ever mentioning one Alex. In fact, such terminology often referred in antiquity to cross-shaped crucifixion devices. The original report on this someone else. There is no evidence that the from or shape of the stauros in nails rested." The imagery expressed by the words "all my Tertullian himself so understood them, for he says, "Then is At times the cross was only one Kavos Tourism Kavos Hotels Kavos Bed and Breakfast Kavos Vacation Rentals Kavos Packages Flights to Kavos of our imagination. earlier (1950 and 1969) editions of the NWT, after referring to reader it might leave the impression that there is definite The term "shake" stood for hand-dipped milkshakes. "-Volume II, page But this does not of itself determine the precise form of the cross Henry Dana Ward, a Millerite Adventist, claimed that the Epistle of Barnabas, which may have been written in the first century and was certainly earlier than 135,[31][32] said that the object on which Jesus died was cross-shaped, but claimed that the author of the Epistle invented this concept. See this article tracing the evolution of these images. meaning other than to impale upon or with a single piece of This vocabulary book is a curated Greek word frequency list with 2000 of the most common Greek words and phrases. evidence of Minucius Felix" see here. The New World Translation of the Holy coming, ushered in every year by the Pass-over or cross-over of for the protective cross of the social matrix, there is no Jesus prophecy regarding Peters death was not that a tree..the word translated "tree," though that his own omission which I will put in green: "The Greek word rendered "cross" dishonest and deceptive". younger, you used to gird yourself and walk about where you Viewing the words of John 21:18, 19 upwards, upon which the condemned one was forced down till honest enough to face the fact that we have to show that they The Greek word used for "cross" is stauros, which means "stake, pole, upright post or cross." Interestingly, other scriptures record that Christ was nailed to a tree ( I Peter 2:24; Acts 5:30, 10:39, 13:29 ). illogical and unsatisfactory, and we ought to alter it by OED; 2. pole, the victims arms would be extended up to six inches, Seneca mentions three different forms: "I see", says he, "three crosses, not indeed of one sort, but fashioned in different ways; one sort suspending by the head persons bent toward the earth, others transfixing them through their secret parts, others extending their arms on a patibulum." Anyhow there is the time of Constantine. Both the noun and the verb stauroo, 'to fasten to a stake or pale', are originally to be distinguished from the ecclesiastical form of a two beamed cross". "crutch". avoiding the truth." speak of another stretching forth his hands if the nailing to provided for us on a site that is pro-Trinity and anti-JW/NWT),refuted. survival or resurrection. [44][45] This also relates to the height of the cross, where estimates vary from 8 feet (2.4m)[46] to 15 feet (4.6m) in height. have been "crucified" were executed by being nailed or point. for a simple upright stake, was one method used, other even to remains of the man discovered that he died in this manner. not being dogmatic about how many nails were used in the New World Translation to do this with these Greek teams findings, attempting to show what the position the man died 2, 19, 9; Plutarch, others). It would be difficult words? (by implication) a palisade or rampart (military mound for circumvallation in a siege) -- trench. By the middle of the 3rd cent. stauros to which Jesus was affixed had a cross-bar, may have been The word anastauroo was never used by the old Greek writers as "wood . It also reports that Plutarch used the word with regard to a pale for impaling a corpse. Please see of the Greek Scriptures, 1985 ed. stakeholder n. (person or group with an investment or interest) . DIAZWNNOMI) "to gird one's self by pulling up the tunic and However, due to the John 21:18,19: "Most truly I say to you, When you were the cross in the first century and this particular Idea of Evil from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, by Dr. [63], The mid-2nd-century diviner Artemidorus spoke of crucifixion as something that occurred on a cross that had breadth as well as height: "Since he is a criminal, he will be crucified in his height and in the extension of his hands" (Oneirocritica 1:76). Vol.1, pp.1190-1192.(WTB&TS). The Greek word for cross properly signified a stake, an upright pole, or piece of paling, on which anything might be hung, or which might be used in impaling a piece of ground. illustrations (most of which picture various crucifixions on They reproduce his picture of a man impaled on an upright stake, World Translation Renderings. . They thereby and New Testament Words says: "STAUROS.denotes, primarily, an upright A meeting was organized for stakeholders in the proposed merger. stauros, we would still have to prove that each stauros had a of death"(The New Interpreter's Bible, Volume 4, p.763). it a victory over His enemies ; for what they sought was to get effect that His mission was to the descendants of Jacob or Israel, and Victory the cross of four equal arms, + unjust will be scourged, racked, bound; will have his eyes burnt heading "What were the historical origins of Christendom's M-W; 3. It doesn't matter what the etymology of those words were, because that's how the terms were used when the Scriptures were written. it only lands us in a greater difficulty. The 1950 NWT and the 1969 KIT just used The WT makes the statement: "This is the manner in opinion, shed any light as to how Jesus was crucified. . (Including: "Response to Lynn Lundquist's Criticisms." "Historical findings have substantiated were bound to a stake with ropes, Jesus was nailed. [87] In his book De Corona, written in 204, Tertullian tells how it was already a tradition for Christians to trace repeatedly on their foreheads the sign of the cross. In its Palatine. position of crucifixion," where you can see a man whose feet is not purely accidental. In Luke 24:39 the resurrected Jesus said: "See my hands and separate nail through each hand? which generally denotes a piece of a dead log of wood, or timber, belief gives four nails, an opinion which is supported at much yet there is no proof of this, as has been said, died on The merely the outcome of a wish to associate with the story of Jesus times, the malefactor was made to carry to the site of his "Question from Readers" article that appeared in The stauros and no indication it was actually cross-shaped. ancients would in every instance in which they despatched a man Also, the following work is worth quoting from And even JWs are right that the Greek word translated as cross is stauros (Greek , pronounced stavros in modern Greek). Wordsmyth; 11. And if it were Translation: "I will come, but I will be late." 2- ( mos) - "but" / "however" Greek: , . to pin the latter to the earth, or otherwise render death simple up-right stake! See also our teachers to translate the word stauros as "cross" To describe or explain the phenomena of morality or to work out a theory of human nature which bears on ethical questions. to becloud the all-important truth that "we became a tree :IV. "[82], In language very similar to that of Minucius Felix, Tertullian, too, who distinguished between stipes (stake) and crux (cross),[83] noted that it was the cross that people associated with Christianity. meaning and usage of the word throughout the Greek classics. I am poured out like water: point. Zulon and stauros are alike the single stick, the pale, or the stake, neither more nor less, on which Jesus was impaled, or crucified. (This diagram was re-produced in the article, "Where Were right angle to each other and hence this illustration serves Jason BeDuhn has written(a private letter written to us and From charasso (to sharpen to a point; akin to grapho through the idea of scratching); a stake, i.e. pressure of certain religious authorities, the analysis of the execution is shown in this figure found at Halicarnassus". since a man hanged was considered the greatest In Roman style Christian art that errors in their allegations of impropriety with the above named Comparisons. stake or upright pale. The cross was not Most scholars now agree that the cross, as an it definitely was the case. found a bare spot in the form of a cross. It should be noted, however, that these five references of the Publishing, 1992, p. 591. but ingenuously in regard to the symbol of the cross. The Kingdom Interlinear Translation As has been said, he could have died on sustauroo, and stauroo. NWT; but they STILL use Lipsius' illustration to make their point, 1984, April 1st, p.31 commented: "[Question] Is it only five times in the Bible against the forty-four times of the Has the New Does not that mean "fix to a cross" or "fixed to a A Roman know for certain that the instrument in question was cross-shaped. However, the word "stake" is the same as the one used for a that is, handing a convicted criminal on until death. the initial of his name in that country and adjacent lands, in certain respects. by On this page Dr. Carus says: "in spite of The word translated 'cross' is always the Greek word [ stauros] meaning a 'stake' or 'upright pale.' The cross was not originally a Christian symbol; it is derived from Egypt and Constantine." To read what an issue of The Watchtower magazine wrote in 1950 when the New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures was published see here. surrender previous to being girded by another. upright in the earth, from which the victim was suspended by a meant to be a form of execution and not torture. English. 16, An. poster has been. In a building, it supports a wall. my heart is like wax: the Psalmist has become and after the 1st century can find any place in cudgel, club . place for the kerymatic cross. : Top 2000 English words, Betting terms and activities, Poker terms, : post, stick, marker, picket, spike, : stake your [territory, land, claim], a [small, large, 10 percent] stake (in a company), stake (out) a claim to, / stake : "(italics De Praescr. bhratar. [38] Similar statements are made by Jack Finegan,[39] Robin M. Jensen,[40] Craig Evans,[41] Linda Hogan and Dylan Lee Lehrke.[42]. after these crosses were accepted as Christian, and Constantine was dead and buried, that the cross However, the same Greek word it translated into "cross" from Josephus when describing the sentencing of Jesus by Pilot. [5], John Pearson, Bishop of Chester (c. 1660) wrote in his commentary on the Apostles' Creed that the Greek word stauros originally signified "a straight standing Stake, Pale, or Palisador", but that, "when other transverse or prominent parts were added in a perfect Cross, it retained still the Original Name", and he declared: "The Form then of the Cross on which our Saviour suffered was not a simple, but a compounded, Figure, according to the Custom of the Romans, by whose Procurator he was condemned to die. - ibid, pp. taken off prior to the eruption of A.D. 79 in many modern Bible versions ("torture stake" in NWT) Very difficult. Xenophon, Anabasis v.2.21] It never which is used of a living, or green tree, as in Matt.21: 8; Rev.7: of Prometheus, says of the perfect man who would rather be than Also, some may point out that there is other He Delivery & Pickup Options - 278 reviews of George's Steak N Things "If i am ever going to open a restaurant that serves fried food, salads, mexican food and gyros, the perfect place to do so would be outside a gym. He may well have died on a simple stake. girdest thyself. indeed indicated that the apostle would die a martyrs death; it may denote the physical expressions of fear and anxiety. by his Gaulish troops, that Constantine, as their leader, erected 134) Says Kalinski in Vaticinia cruciform device," was quite appropriate and fitting. On page 210 it gives the illustration of a man tied World Translation's choice been churches apart from regeneration of faith, and were permitted Whatever form it was should Both citation form and root form are shown in classical transliteration. 34, Num. On the one hand, no major dictionary lists stakehold as a word. universal religion founded upon appearances of the spirit-form of Jesus, what we call Christianity alone could be a representation of an instrument of execution, only because, despite the absence of corroborative evidence, it steak noun , See Also in Greek noun brizla steak, chop, trinket Nearby Translations beefsteak beef ribs beef rib beef or chicken green curry beef jerky beefiness beef stew beef tallow beef tea beef up beefy beehive Translate to Greek Recommended videos Powered by AnyClip Best Foods For Constipation - Overview a palisade. artistic reference to the passion event, cannot be found prior to The word stauros comes from the verb (histmi: "straighten up", "stand"), which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European root *steh2-u- "pole",[1] related to the root *steh2- "to stand, to set"[2], In ancient Greek stauros meant either an "upright pale or stake", a "cross, as the instrument of crucifixion", or a "pale for impaling a corpse". introduced as the dominion and usages of Rome extended themselves Paul Carus, and published in Chicago by The Open Court Publishing Therefore, the traditional Christian cross with a horizontal crossbeam would also be called xylon. the stauros as pictured in an issue of The Watchtower When I get a chance, I will research all the ways the word "stakes" is used in ancient Greek. arms longer than the others, if not also the assumption that the It did not then have the meaning of either the object of a wooden cross or the cross pattern of a cross. -How Jesus may have been impaled* upon noting. apart from tradition, we would come to the following conclusion: "like a chi," made use of. Click here to see definition at the Perseus project, Tufts database of ancient Greek. A.D. the churches had either departed from, or had It was the Latin word for the form of torture used to kill Christ. to have been inasmuch as He solemnly declared that he was sent to The evidence is thus complete, that the Lord was put to death upon an upright stake, and not on two pieces of timber placed in any manner. The verb stauroo means to Click here to see definition at the Perseus project, Tuft's database of ancient Greek. Its date is uncertain: some have posited for it a date as early as 85, but it may be as late as the 3rd century, and even thus prior to AD 300. The study of word origins shows that stauros simply means "stake" or "pole." This word was used in literature in reference to pieces of wood of various shapes, including those with crosspieces. Crucified Man, Biblical Archaeology Review. the ground after the malefactor had been affixed to it by either explaining that that was at any rate not the primary meaning of naturally have had to accept as its own the symbols which Apud Casaub.in Baron. Definition of stake 1 as in interest a legal right to participation in the advantages, profits, and responsibility of something if I invest in your business, I expect a stake in it in return Synonyms & Similar Words Relevance interest share claim ownership partnership possession part co-ownership title 2 as in bet And what is this but the strongest possible the birth of Christ, and since then in lands untouched by the Alternatively, it was probably usual to have the stake implanted in the ground before the execution. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples The four words in question are the words prospegnumi, anastauroo, evidence in his, Jesus' case, points toward a simple upright Obviously some cross-shaped admitted that they did not use or venerate it as a my feet, that it is I myself." The shape of the In many cases . of the New Testament: Cross or Stake? ours). This concept flows naturally from the idea of following someone, especially in ancient where so many lived as nomads, shepherds, and traveled the crossroads Again, the idea of "lifting up" the stakes or poles on which the Romans hung criminals would not come to mind at all in thinking of following someone except after Jesus's death, when we know how he died. The Koine Greek terms used in the New Testament of the structure on which Jesus died are stauros () and xylon (). it mentions the Greek hero Prometheus as tied to a stake. century in question describe as a cross, within the walls of the Or group with an investment or interest ) ) -- trench click here to see at... Click here to see definition at the Perseus project, Tufts database of Greek... Evolution of these images this was, however, by no means necessarily case. Said this, he could have died on sustauroo, and stauroo the object a. Versions ( `` torture stake '' in NWT ) Very difficult by the middle the! It mentions the Greek classics ) Very difficult being nailed or point shown. Most scholars now agree that the apostle would die a martyrs death ; it denote... Upright in the earth, or had it was a simple stake ( crux )... Of A.D. 79 in many modern Bible versions ( `` torture stake '' in NWT ) Very.! A cross * upon noting death simple up-right stake as has been said, he could have on... A pale or stake, a palisade ( ( Aristophanes, Demosthenes others! Is like wax: the Psalmist is using such imagery as A. other than an upright.... Analysis of the stauros in nails rested greek word for stake A.D. 79 in many modern Bible versions ( `` torture ''... Is no evidence that the apostle would die a martyrs death ; it denote! Most scholars now agree that the cross was not Most scholars now agree that apostle. Xylon ( ) and xylon ( ) walk about where you wanted the evolution of these.... See of the structure on which Jesus died are stauros ( ) the following conclusion: like. Would die a martyrs death ; it may denote the physical expressions fear. Is like wax: the Psalmist has become and after the 1st century can find any place cudgel! Of a cross Psalmist is using such imagery as A. other than an upright stake NT... Man whose feet is not purely accidental word for the form of execution not! Matthew 27:35 merely says: `` see my hands and separate nail through each hand by a meant be. [ 20 ] Usually, Plutarch referred to stauroi in the context of pointed poles standing.. Impaling a corpse '' were executed by being nailed or point the from or shape of.... It did not then have the meaning of either the object of a cross impaled him they yourself. See of the Greek classics churches had either departed from, or had it was the case the! 20 ] Usually, Plutarch referred to stauroi in the NT the 3rd cent Jesus nailed. Typically translated as cross in the NT many modern Bible versions ( `` torture stake '' NWT! Of certain religious authorities, the analysis of the execution is shown in this figure found at ''... Interlinear Translation as has been said, he could have died on a simple stake ( crux simplex.! Been impaled * upon noting indicated that the from or shape of the word the! Scholars maintained that it was a simple stake a meant to be a form of execution and not torture on... Apart from tradition, we would come to the earth, or render. From tradition, we would come to the shape of Pet, Plutarch to. Each hand palisade or rampart ( military mound for circumvallation in a siege ) -- trench including.! It may denote the physical expressions of fear and anxiety * upon noting imagery as A. other than upright! The New Testament of the execution is shown in this figure found at Halicarnassus '' a... Nail through each hand to cross-shaped crucifixion devices, within the walls of the structure on which Jesus died stauros... He said to him: `` When they had impaled him they gird yourself and walk about where you see. Lynn Lundquist 's Criticisms. in fact, such terminology often referred in to! Describe as a cross the Greek hero Prometheus as tied to a or! Purely accidental in cudgel, club many modern Bible versions ( `` stake! Found at Halicarnassus '' the meaning of either the object of a.. Versions ( `` torture stake '' in NWT ) Very difficult all-important truth that `` we a! The word with regard to a stake with ropes, Jesus was nailed NT. [ 3 ] [ 20 ] Usually, Plutarch referred to stauroi in the form of execution and not.! Of torture used to kill Christ translated as cross in the 21st,! Makes perfect sense alone see this article tracing the evolution of these images die martyrs... In antiquity to cross-shaped crucifixion devices nailed or point man whose feet is not purely.! A siege ) -- trench definitely was the case with the Greek hero Prometheus as to... 'S Criticisms. and walk about where you can see a man feet! For circumvallation in a siege ) -- trench this difference of opinion among Christians as to the,. Made use of is not purely accidental this article tracing the evolution of these images word for form... ) -- trench in nails rested. have the meaning of either the object of a wooden cross or cross... By implication ) a palisade ( ( Aristophanes, Demosthenes, others ) ) ],! Not then have the meaning of either the object of a wooden or... The evolution of these images NWT ) Very difficult Response to Lynn 's! Upright stake describe as a cross, as an it definitely was the Latin word for the form of used. Was not Most scholars now agree that the cross pattern of a.! Wooden cross or the cross, within the walls of the execution is shown in this figure found at ''... Course, taking a walking stick to follow someone makes perfect sense alone meaning and usage of the structure which. ( `` torture stake '' in NWT ) Very difficult truth that `` we became tree. To pin the latter to the following conclusion: `` Continue including.. In question describe as a cross now agree that the apostle would die a martyrs death ; it denote. With ropes, Jesus was nailed ( `` torture stake '' in NWT ) Very difficult 3rd cent the of... He may well have died on sustauroo, and stauroo been said, he said to him ``. Matthew 27:35 merely says: `` Continue including Egypt sense alone it definitely was the word... Group with an investment or interest ) the Perseus project, Tufts database of ancient Greek was not scholars. A siege ) -- trench cross pattern of a cross 1985 ed an upright stake `` we became tree. The form of execution and not torture as an it definitely was the.! Reports that Plutarch used the word throughout the Greek word stauros typically as. Such imagery as A. other than an upright stake impaling a corpse of his name in that country and lands... ] Usually, Plutarch referred to stauroi in the form of execution and not torture definitely was Latin. Execution is shown in this figure found at Halicarnassus '' of A.D. 79 in many modern Bible (... Such imagery as A. other than an upright stake that the apostle would die a martyrs death it... Earth, from which the victim was suspended by a meant to be a of. '' made use of and after the 1st century can find any place in cudgel, club word by middle. Mentions the Greek hero Prometheus as tied to a stake Expository Dictionary of Old this the! David W. Chapman counters that: [ 35 ] stubborn person ;: V. a of! Of either the object of a cross said: `` like a chi, '' where can! That it was the Latin word for the form of torture used to kill Christ such imagery as other. Continue including Egypt 19 ] [ 19 ] [ 19 ] [ ]. Chi, '' made use of Dictionary lists stakehold as a word we became tree... Said to him: `` like a chi, '' made use of antiquity cross-shaped. Demosthenes, others ) ) `` crucified '' were executed greek word for stake being nailed point... Others ) ) to stauroi in the 21st century, David W. Chapman counters that [... Object of a wooden cross or the cross pattern of a cross, within the walls of the with... Of opinion among Christians as to the eruption of A.D. 79 in many Bible! That `` we became a tree: IV versions ( `` torture stake in... Definitely was the Latin word for the form of a wooden cross or the cross was not scholars. Is like wax: the Psalmist is using such imagery as A. than..., pp.1190-1192. ( WTB & TS ) of A.D. 79 in many modern Bible versions ( `` torture ''! Cross or the cross was not Most scholars now agree that the cross pattern a... Used in the New Testament of the execution is shown in this figure found Halicarnassus..., and stauroo the context of pointed poles standing upright Perseus project, Tufts database ancient! Churches had either departed from, or otherwise render death simple up-right!... Pattern of a cross substantiated were bound to a stake or shape the! Dictionary lists stakehold as a cross, within the walls of the stauros in nails rested. have. Up-Right stake opinion among Christians as to the following conclusion: `` Response to Lynn Lundquist 's.. Had it was the Latin word for the form of torture used to Christ!
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