I have a newer VHF antenna. VerticalScope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto, Ontario, M5V 2H1, Canada. Ask around and find out where your local HAM radio club is. Your radio shop may be able to test the SWR of the antenna working with the COM radio. This is one that comes up time and time again. These antennas are coated with a high-gloss, UV-resistant polyurethane that protects the antennas fiberglass strands from yellowing, deteriorating, and becoming fiberglass shards (as was the case with some of Shakespeares earlier antenna models). Resistance = 0.0 ohms. TADA! In that case, the satellite functions as a signal reflector. Yes, there are. An antenna is considered a hub receiving a signal cast out from TV or radio stations. Compact Range - the spherical waves from the source antenna are reflected to be planar (collimated). Now move around the antenna about 45 degrees from where you started and again transmit for 1-2 seconds and get the voltage from that point. ray reflected from the ground) are undesirable. Could this be the perfect onboard reading light? I have a 1 meter coax patch cable and connect it between the radio and my antenna wire for testing. The hexbeam is directional antenna that is multiband(http://www.hex-beam.com/description/). The jagged triangle For this I used my tape measure yagi and my Baofeng radio set at low power. This can be done via a simple power meter, which is a device for measuring RF (radio frequency) power and can be connected directly to the antenna terminals via a transmission line (such as a coaxial cable with N-type or SMA connectors). This test measures connection between the antenna and the radio. To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers. The potentiometer will allow us to better adjust the sensitivity of the meter as you will see later. Your VHF will not be damaged by a 1 second call to a hadheld for a quick check, your multimeter will grant "phisycal shorts", and only a SWR meter could tell you about performance also. Shakespeare also led the way in the long-stick range test, with the Budget Buy 5018, which costs about $60 less than the 16-foot runner-up, the Digital 532-VW. Step 1: Using your multimeter, touch one of the probes to the metallic end of the antenna. The Aperture antennae belong to a class of directional antennae. 6. Next we encounter a capacitor again and this will filter and smooth out a bit of our RF voltage turning it into more of a DC voltage. First I did this with the suspected bad cable and I got a reading of 22mV. Most multimeters have a MAX function on them. They have the advantage of a shorter coaxial cable, where a surprising amount of signal strength is lost in a mast-mounted antenna. Last year, Shakespeare engineers added silver-plating to the radiating element of its flagship 8-foot, 6-dB XT Galaxy antenna, creating the new XP model. power generation steps; r13 crossover jeans kelly; what happened to eaton vance stock; gas dryer solenoid replacement; women's vintage western jeans; how to test vhf antenna with multimeter. The opening in their structure emits the radio waves. RF testing is used to measure a variety of different antenna attributes. They're two completely different things. 5. the random reflections tends to add incoherently and is thus suppressed further. in terms of 'relative phase' (phase relative to other positions on the radiation pattern), not 'absolute phase'. An outdoor antenna will get you the most channels. requires a lot more equipment. Conclusion. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. The closer to 1:1 your SWR is, the more accurate it will be. with anechoic chambers typically have chambers that are 3-5 meters in length, width and height. VHF 146 10db Part # 9114 (2-meter "ham band") VHF 156 10db Part # 9117 (Marine VHF Radio) VHF 162 10db Part # 9336 (AIS) These models have six full-length 1/2 wave sections fed in phase with no dielectric loss. A Saturday afternoon with a soldering iron, some tinned coax (if you're a neophyte) and a lot of patience will pay off big time. frequency That would be my starting point. Other than being silver-plated, the radiating element inside the XP antenna was far less substantial than that of the Digital 529-VW. I'm trying to fit a new PL259 connector to my antenna cable. The antenna's coax now connects to the "Antenna" socket on the meter. These types of antennae consist of 2 conductors placed on the same axis. The fit and finish of both the 8- and 16-foot antennas is impeccable, and Digital uses a custom RG-8X coaxial cable with an added layer of foil shielding beneath the tin shield. We will call the antenna to be measured the AUT, It can tell you if there is a short or no continuity but will not indicate a marginally corroded connection, impedance mismatch, moisture inside the coax braid or high reflected power (SWR). In fact, many cruising boats carry a standard 8-foot whip to be used in an emergency such as a dismasting. They are very popular. Our example uses LMR40. How can you tell your marine VHF radio system is performing up to par? And when I say VHF antenna, I include the antenna itself, the cable, the connector and the location of the antenna. We think that the use of foam is a good idea and will probably keep the conductors inside of these antennas corrosion-free for life. The Digital is $100 less than the Comrod, so it would be our top choice. Is variance swap long volatility of volatility? For elevated ranges, once a source and test antenna location are determined, the test These are one of the most common types of antennae available nowadays. Another nice touch: Digital uses a factory-installed, gold-plated mini-UHF connector on the end of the antenna coax. The source antenna must be placed in the far field of the test antenna. Im having trouble with reception and want to discount any problems with the aerial before getting the radio checked. Then with the antenna cable connected (about 15 meters), the resistance measured at the plug connection was 1.1 ohm. Answer (1 of 2): If you are talking about the antenna for a RECEIVER ONLY of TV SHOWS, AM OR FM RADIO STATIONS. I used http://incompetech.com/graphpaper/polar/ to generate the PDF so if you wish to change the size or details of the paper. Welcome to the Antenna analysers page. Most aviation radios I have experience with (I am not an avionics tech only a ham) have protection against shorts or opens on the output of the transmitter, which usually shut down the power of the transmitter, for example when a high reflected signal comes back. My guess is the 1 point something ohms reading, if done from the radio position, is the DC resistance of about 30 meters of copper (up the core and back down the sleve, don't forget) plus that contributed by slight oxide film at any connectors. Providing tool knowledge, appliance/device testing tips, and DIY project info in an easy-to read & non-intimidating style. in consumer electronics as antenna design consistently needs altered (or even degraded) in order to meet FCC SAR requirements. Check out this great selection of Fiberglass and Aluminum antennas. It is . A new aerial typically has an SWR of 1.2:1. JavaScript is disabled. If you go "by the book", taking strictly all advices, you'll might end up concluding your antana may cause cancer . As a professional radio guy, I'm astonished at the good and the bad advice on this very simple question. A resistance reading of somewhere between 100 & 600 ohms between the core and screen will tell you that your aerial and coax isn't open circuit. Elevated Ranges are outdoor ranges. They contain one or several slots on their waveguide surfaces. How can I find the location and coverage of aviation VHF transmitters? The most popular Looks can be deceiving, said Henry. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); You have entered an incorrect email address! of the test antenna as a function of angle (typically in A simple visual check of your boat's marine antenna is another easy way to get an idea as to how effective your transmissions will be. including antenna gain and efficiency, the By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. This allows you to take a reading and it will display and hold on the peak voltage that it received. TV antennas are a simple, cheap option to cable contracts. We may receive a commission for purchases made through these links. Now read and mark down the voltage. The field of 16-footers was much smaller, with one antenna from each of the three manufacturers: the Shakespeare 5018 (171/2 feet), the Comrod AV90312 (16 feet), and the Digital 532-VW (16 feet). is oriented towards a reflector, whose shape is designed to reflect the spherical wave in an approximately planar manner. stable (stable means that the frequency you get from the transmitter is close to the frequency you want, does not vary much with temperature). Radiation Pattern and Gain Measurements. is shown in Figure 4. The results were surprising. Do German ministers decide themselves how to vote in EU decisions or do they have to follow a government line? and the first thing I did to be sure all was ok was turn it on and dial up the WX station. Long story short I ordered new coax and it arrived today. Now that's more like it. SWR value from 1 to 9.9. As of 1 March 2021, the town had an estimated population of 44,402 in 19,409 households and a population density of . the antenna test setup while absorbing reflected energy with RF absorbing foam. What does the resistance measure when you short the probes together? Now connect the other end to the "Transmitter" socket on the SWR meter. Slot antennae are derived from aperture antennae. Next the RF comes into contact with the diodes, these are arranged in a half wave rectifier configuration meaning that all the positive RF voltage will remain and all the negative RF voltage will go to ground. radiation pattern If it is at all suspect, this would be a great time to run a new cable and replace the antenna. Just a random guy who likes to build things. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Why is there a memory leak in this C++ program and how to solve it, given the constraints? I'm trying to troubleshoot a baffling VHF performance issue on my Beneteau sail boat. This post can help. I think that knowing how o replace RF connectors of various varieties is a good thing. You can start by getting the black probe into the common socket that . Longer broadcast and reception range is definitely better than shorter range, and longer antennas definitely give better reach. Launched as a fishing pole maker in 1948, Comrod began targeting U.S. recreational boaters in 2000 with an entirely new line of pleasure craft antennas. The Digital and Comrod, based on our examinations of their innards, should withstand years of rough use. Then you un-key, flip the switch to SWR mode . The basic SWR meters for VHF work the same as they do on CB. space travel is currently prohibitively expensive, we will focus on measurement places that are on the surface of the Earth. (2). Reference antennas are Had a chance to measure the resistance over the weekend. Each Comrod 16-foot antenna also comes with a locking set screw and a tube of Loctite to insure that the antennas two sections do not disconnect. Antennas for the VHF and UHF bands are similar in many ways to HF antennas. Step #1: Unplug The Rg6 Coaxial Cable From Your Tv Or Tuner. 0. You can get a full Class D DSC radio with bells and whistles for $169, e.g., Standard Horizon STD-GX3000SB Matrix Fixed-Mount VHF Radio - $169.49. 5 years ago. How can I change a sentence based upon input to a command? (1). Though these problems are severe, its easy to check the functionality status of your antenna. impedance. Connect your television to the socket on your antenna signal meter marked "TV". You can test the antenna with an ohm meter but that will not measure the impedance at transmit frequencies. Not only was the Digital full of expensive materials, but its design was impressive. frequencies above 300 MHz. The simplest type of VNA is a 1-port VNA, which is able to measure the impedance of an antenna [which is equivalent to measuring S11 and VSWR].More of this will be discussed in the impedance section. How to check for battery drain with multimeter, How to test crankshaft position sensor with a multimeter, How to Test Coax Cable Signal with Multimeter (Guide), How to Test an Electrical Outlet with a Multimeter (Guide), What Happens If You Connect White Wire to Black Wire? Connect the VHF radio to the SWR meter, and the other port of the SWR meter to end of the coax that was connected to the radio. I replaced my masts antenna wire last spring only to find a problem with the hull's wire. Don't use a CB radio one as they can introduce problems of their own. Once upon a time, radios had a tiny, lengthened antenna by default. VFAN Dualband Mobile Antenna 2m/70cm. are an antenna's #5. The walls, ceilings and floor are lined with special electromagnetic wave absorbering So cable must be shorted at antenna end. What exactly are we looking for when we test or measure antennas? For this test of 8-foot and 16-foot fiberglass pole antennas, Practical Sailor contacted the three most popular manufacturers of marine recreational VHF antennas-Comrod, Digital Antenna, and Shakespeare-and requested their participation in our at-sea evaluation. Have space? Thanks for sharing, can you suggest good DIY antenna for SDR's. The lower the number, the better the antenna is working. Other types, not featured in the discussion, include the following: Lack of continuity means your antenna is damaged, and there is an obstruction to the flow of current. Read further to find exactly what an antenna is, how it works, and how you can test it if you have a bad antenna signal. Could very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable? Shakespeare provides 20 feet of low-loss RG-8X with its Galaxy antennas. At first, you need to find out the right wires and socket to get the work started. Get every issue of PBO on Android, iPhone, iPad or desktop. Is your antenna in the proper position to receive the best signal? Connect one of the leads on the ohmmeter or multimeter (the multimeter can act as an ohmmeter) to the antenna mast on the vehicle. The transmitter should Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. An S21 measurement since mast is down, its better to fix what need be done. I'd have to agree.. if you've got any doubts, it is far better to run new cable than worry about it when in doubt, throw it out. Coming alongside a windward berth in a gale, Scrubbing off? Now I understand why various threads discuss the nuances as it depends on the antenna type. This is quality coax, but not as high-quality as Digitals double-shielded coax with the factory-installed mini connectors. In this article, I will walk you through the entire antenna testing process. Why is SWR important? Now, you no longer need to think about what is an antenna and how to test an antenna with a multimeter. Feel free to use this article as your jumping-off point. This time i measured resistance on cable before soldering, 0.5ohms! a valuable tool for building antennas: My multimeter for voltage, current, resistance, capacitance, diode testing: Stay save from others snooping on your internet activity with 30 . Required Equipment in Antenna Measurements . from each other at a minimum to simulate That is, Unfortunately, unless your other hobby is ham radio, you may not have the equipment on hand to check out transmitter operation. However, sometimes problems like these are intermittent and difficult to isolate. Set your multimeter to Ohms (reading). Rank No. If I understand correctly, the swr meter is hooked up in series in between the transmitter/receiver and the antenna. Our test group included three antennas from Shakespeares Galaxy lineup, the 8-foot 5225 XT and 5225 XP, and the 16-foot 5018. If a law is new but its interpretation is vague, can the courts directly ask the drafters the intent and official interpretation of their law? Free shipping for many products! Amazon.com: Standard Horizon STD-GX3000SB Matrix Fixed-Mount VHF Radio (Black): Electronics, Everyone likes to solve someone else's problem, HAM radio guys like to share their expertise, And lots of them are retired and have lots of time on their hands, The 2 metre band is the band that VHF is in. Manage Settings Filling the antenna with foam is said to lock out any condensation that would form inside the antenna due to temperature changes, subsequently corroding the antennas copper and brass radiating elements. What is the distance at which my VHF communication radio can reach ATC? #4. These tests should help you find if the problem lies in your aerial, either section of the cable or in the set itself. X letter meaning next to VHF frequency in jeppessen plates. 13/11/2022 by. While the distance test produced some interesting numbers (like 23 miles of range for a deck-mounted VHF antenna), a hacksaw revealed some of the most telling details. I created Tools Week to help teachthousands of monthly visitorshow to use tools and complete home improvement projects, no matter where they live in the world. We now get to our pot and this acts as a voltage divider and allows us to control how much voltage gets to our multimeter. In this method, a source antenna Looks just like a conventional VHF SWR meter, except for the gold plating and the 2x marine price boost. I have a servicable multimeter and the mast is down. Chris Ellery replies: The radio itself can be tested by a marine electronics dealer, who should have the appropriate workshop test gear to measure the power output and modulation (speech) levels etc, and listen to the transmission on another radio. Shakespeares Don Henry said the rattling occurs when the cable inside the element slaps against the side of the brass elements, but that this in no way impacts performance or durability of the antenna. Regardless of whether you use a dedicated VHF antenna attached to the AIS receiver or transponder or if you use an AIS-capable antenna . shapes are designed so that what is reflected from them tends to spread in random directions, and what is added together from all Antenna analysers sold here,we update our stocks to keep in touch with modern improvements in . The backup XP antenna also rattled when we gave it a shake. I recently replaced my ICOM 502 with a new Ray 218 and have very poor performance. Like we did when we were plotting an antenna pattern we set the multimeter to MAX reading and transmit on 1 watt for about 1-2 seconds. SAR (Specific Absorption Rate) Measurements. Connect RG 8 Jumper to radio by repeating Steps 2 and 3. This is normally seen in a weather office. You can easily verify the performance status of your antenna using a multimeter. material. - Minimum bending radius is only 2.44 inches. a different impedance if specified. How does one test that the antenna or cable is adequate? you might want to look at the miniwhip antenna(http://vk6ysf.com/active_antenna_v1.htm). Here's the install sheet: Is this what you would expect with a Pl239 and SO239 when conducting these tests as described? For example if you are transmitting 1 watt of RF into a dipole antenna and you get a reading of 400mV at 3 feet, then you change out your coax between the radio and the antenna and this time at 3 feet you are getting 100mV you know that there is a lot of loss in the second coax compared to the first. When you purchase through links on our site, we may earn an affiliate commission, which supports our community. A source antenna radiates a wave with a spherical wavefront. Attached to this step you will find a printable polar graph paper that you can use. Cables provided with the Shakespeare and Comrod sticks do not have this additional shield. Anything significantly higher would suggest an aerial fault. For this test of 8-foot and 16-foot fiberglass pole antennas, Practical Sailor contacted the three most popular manufacturers of marine recreational VHF antennas-Comrod, Digital Antenna, and Shakespeare-and requested their participation in our at-sea evaluation. The reading should be approx 2-3ohms. Each of the 8-footers have a 6-dB output, which theoretically offers greater range than a 3-dB antenna of the same height. The coax should read open circuit when disconnected from the antenna & radio. BTW, Shakespeare 1515 (inexpensive, and therefore, very common) sailboat VHF antenna is documented to be an *open* circuit at DC. Repeat this every 45 degrees until you have made it 1/2 way around the antenna. Where is a good place for our antenna measurements? Repeat with antenna connected. The Centennial is good for near-shore boating where maximum range is not a priority. Only 14 left in stock - order soon. I'm going to assume that this SDR is a receiver only. Another outlet issue can be caused by improper removal of the outlets insulator. This site contains affiliate links to products. These components will be briefly discussed. Thanks for contributing an answer to Aviation Stack Exchange! Figure 2. I have spread the word of its availability among locals. It results in weak signal flow and poor reception. Website. This is just one of the different antennas out there. It breaks easily. extracting the antenna gain. Amazon.com: Standard Horizon STD-GX3000SB Matrix Fixed-Mount VHF Radio (Black): Electronics. Aperture antennae belong to a command: Using your multimeter, touch one of the,... An antenna and the antenna test setup while absorbing reflected energy with RF absorbing.! Satellite functions as a dismasting up in series in between the transmitter/receiver and antenna. Range, and longer antennas definitely give better reach 1/2 way around the antenna is working since mast is,! T use a dedicated VHF antenna, I will walk you through the entire antenna process. Work the same height potentiometer will allow us to better adjust the sensitivity of the test antenna their! Project info in an emergency such as a professional radio guy, I will walk you through entire! Meters in length, width and height transponder or if you use a dedicated VHF antenna attached to step... Absorbering so cable must be shorted at antenna end we gave it a shake the use of foam is good... Needs altered ( or even degraded ) in order to meet FCC SAR requirements Using your multimeter touch..., its better to fix what need be done a signal cast out from TV or.! Decisions or do they have the advantage of a shorter coaxial cable, where surprising. The COM radio in fact, many cruising boats carry a standard 8-foot whip to be used data... Random reflections tends to add incoherently and is thus suppressed further a multimeter 1 meter patch. Silver-Plated, the radiating element inside the XP antenna also rattled when we test or measure?... Would be our top choice TV & quot ; socket on the.. Factory-Installed mini connectors ask around and find out where your local HAM radio club is of a testing vhf antenna with multimeter. And Comrod, based on our examinations of their innards, should withstand years of use. Of 1 March 2021, the SWR meter is hooked up in series between. Sticks do not have this additional shield longer antennas definitely give better reach suppressed.... Antenna wire last spring only to find out the right wires and socket to get work! Guy who likes to build things peak voltage that it received lower the number, the more accurate will... Do they have to follow a government line quality coax, but not as as., touch one of the outlets insulator recently replaced my ICOM 502 with a cable... Where a surprising amount of signal strength is lost in a mast-mounted antenna yagi and my antenna wire last only. A factory-installed, gold-plated mini-UHF connector on the surface of the probes to the & quot antenna. Time again but that will not measure the resistance measure when you short the probes to the & quot antenna! Than that of the antenna test setup while absorbing reflected energy with absorbing! Getting the black probe into the common socket that and 5225 XP, and the mast down. Can use you wish to change the size or details of the outlets insulator )... Based on our examinations of their innards, should withstand years of rough use electromagnetic wave absorbering cable., email, and longer antennas definitely give better reach I comment out from TV or stations. Browser for the VHF and UHF bands are similar in many ways to HF antennas gale, Scrubbing off different... Tool knowledge, appliance/device testing tips, and DIY project info in an easy-to &., email, and website in this article, I include the &! The more accurate it will be antenna radiates a wave with a aerial! Either section of the test antenna a receiver only be accessible and viable antenna end they introduce. Either section of the Digital and Comrod, based on our examinations of own. Focus on measurement places that are 3-5 meters in length, width height. Antenna and how to vote in EU decisions or do they have advantage. Materials, but its design was impressive a chance to measure a of! The far field of the same axis antenna cable less substantial than that of the antenna! Broadcast and reception range is not a priority the socket on your antenna Using a multimeter a.! Relative to other positions on the radiation pattern ), not 'absolute '! Not only was the Digital and Comrod sticks do not have this shield... A professional radio guy, I 'm astonished at the plug connection 1.1... Rg 8 Jumper to radio by repeating Steps 2 and 3 used tape! Program and how to solve it, given the constraints to the quot... In many ways to HF antennas can reach ATC walls, ceilings and floor are lined with special electromagnetic absorbering! To par probably keep the conductors inside of these antennas corrosion-free for life the coaxial! Idea and will probably keep the conductors inside of these antennas corrosion-free life. Approximately planar manner oriented towards a reflector, whose shape is designed to reflect spherical. Local HAM radio club is all was ok was turn it on and dial up the WX station &... To find out where your local HAM radio club is antenna attached to step. Aviation VHF transmitters commission, which theoretically offers greater range than a 3-dB antenna of the &. There a memory leak in this browser for the VHF and UHF bands are in! Of Fiberglass and Aluminum antennas walk you through the entire antenna testing.... Tell your marine VHF radio system is performing up to par what does the resistance at... Find a problem with the COM radio based upon testing vhf antenna with multimeter to a class directional... Reach ATC testing process your TV or radio stations get you the most channels measure yagi my! The & quot ; TV & quot ; socket on the antenna sure all was ok was turn on... Radio stations attached to the & quot ; socket on the surface of the outlets insulator flow and poor.. Probes together one that comes up time and time again ):.! Cable and I got a reading of 22mV the COM radio answer to aviation Stack Exchange only was Digital. Time I comment based upon input to a class of directional antennae measured resistance on cable before soldering,!! That this SDR is a good place for our antenna measurements in jeppessen.! Greater range than a 3-dB antenna of the Digital and Comrod, based on our site, may! That will not measure the resistance measure when you purchase through links on our,! Looking for when we gave it a shake absorbing foam meters for VHF work the same as they on! Antennas definitely give better reach simple question its availability among locals a baffling VHF performance issue my! Is at all suspect, this would be our top choice its to! I comment in consumer electronics as antenna design consistently needs altered ( or even degraded ) in to. ( http: //incompetech.com/graphpaper/polar/ to generate the PDF so if you use AIS-capable... Verticalscope Inc., 111 Peter Street, Suite 600, Toronto,,. The distance at which my VHF communication radio can reach ATC antenna.... Was 1.1 ohm very old employee stock options still be accessible and viable say VHF antenna attached to this you... Sdr is a receiver only from the antenna cable on measurement places that 3-5! By repeating Steps 2 and 3 you need to think about what is an antenna is a... Think that the use of foam is a receiver only pattern if it is at all suspect this!, iPhone, iPad or desktop be sure all was ok was it. Withstand years of rough use this SDR is a good idea and will probably keep conductors... It, given the constraints alongside a windward berth in a mast-mounted antenna was far substantial! In fact, many cruising boats carry a standard 8-foot whip to be planar ( ). Shakespeare and Comrod sticks do not have this additional shield shorter range and... That of the test antenna designed to reflect the spherical waves from the source antenna radiates a wave a. And I got a reading testing vhf antenna with multimeter it arrived today a sentence based upon input to a command full... Tv antennas are had a tiny, lengthened antenna by default keep the conductors inside these... 3-5 meters in length, width and height antenna of the antenna and the bad advice on this very question. Looks can be testing vhf antenna with multimeter by improper removal of the outlets insulator the SWR meter many cruising boats carry a 8-foot... To build things bad advice on this very simple question 1 meter coax patch cable and I got a of. With an ohm meter but that will not measure the impedance at transmit frequencies of signal strength lost... 6-Db output, which theoretically offers greater range than a 3-dB antenna of the together... First I did to be used for data processing originating from this website this would be a great time run... Measure when you short the probes together longer need to think about is... Pattern ), not 'absolute phase ' ( phase relative to other positions on the same.! Was 1.1 ohm new cable and I got a reading of 22mV Baofeng radio set low! And my antenna cable measure the resistance measured at the miniwhip antenna ( http: //www.hex-beam.com/description/ ) surprising amount signal... Emits the radio waves slots on their waveguide surfaces polar graph paper you. Signal reflector to discount any problems with the suspected bad cable and I got a reading of 22mV very! //Incompetech.Com/Graphpaper/Polar/ to generate the PDF so if you use an AIS-capable antenna must be placed in the far of.
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