ethel and julius rosenberg definition

The Rosenbergs are still the only Americans ever put to death in peacetime for espionage, and Ethel is the only American woman killed by the US government for a crime other than murder. Robert and Michael Rosenberg, Julius and Ethels six and 10 year old sons, pictured at the home of Bernard and Sonia Bach, friends of the Rosenbergs, New Jersey, before their parents execution. In the early 1930s, Ethel became a member of the Young Communist League. Julius Rosenberg was a key Soviet spy who passed along information to the Soviet Union and recruited Manhattan Project spies. I think there could be some kind of exoneration, in that she was convicted on the basis of perjury, and for someone convicted on the basis of perjury, there should be a form of pardon. Important research on electronics, communications, radar and guided missile controls was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during World War II. Some sections of the popular media of the day revelled in lurid coverage of Ethel: the female spy. Their trial remains controversial today. On March 29, 1951, the court convicted Julius and Ethel Rosenberg of conspiracy to commit espionage. "Plain, deliberate, contemplated murder is dwarfed in. Ethel Rosenberg was 37 and the mother of two small sons when she was executed in New York in 1953. Feklisov learned through Rosenberg that Ethel's brother David Greenglass was working on the top-secret Manhattan Project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory; he directed Julius to recruit Greenglass. During the next two years, the couple became the subject of both national and international debate. Timeline of Events Relating to the Rosenberg Trial. It was known that some communists, such as Fuchs, had spied for the Soviets. Julius and Ethels children, Michael and Robert, maintain that their mother was innocent and have created anonline petitionto exonerate her. Many commentators of the time argued that the death penalty was used unjustly in the courts as a way to force the Rosenbergs and others to confess to espionage, or to name others involved. FBI agents took her into custody as she left the courthouse. I find innocence quite a difficult word to use with Ethel, she says. [55], Nikita Khrushchev, leader of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, said in his posthumously-published memoir that he "cannot specifically say what kind of help the Rosenbergs provided us" but that he learned from Joseph Stalin and Vyacheslav Molotov that they "had provided very significant help in accelerating the production of our atomic bomb. But even graver is the thought of the millions of dead whose deaths may be directly attributable to what these spies have done.. The US government offered to spare the lives of both Julius and Ethel if Julius provided the names of other spies and they admitted their guilt. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. A letter from Michael and Robert Rosenberg pleading for the life of their parents. "[67] He said he gave false testimony to protect himself and his wife, Ruth, and that he was encouraged by the prosecution to do so. His wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York, on September 28, 1915, worked as a secretary. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [18][19], On July 17, 1950, Julius Rosenberg was arrested on suspicion of espionage[20] based on David Greenglass's confession. Her death was so barbaric. J. Ethel Rosenberg: A Cold War Tragedy by Anne Sebba, W&N 20, 304 pages/St Martin's Press $28.99, 304 pages Rebecca Abrams is the author of 'The Jewish Journey: 4,000 Years in 22 Objects . The three-year Rosenberg case culminated in their execution on Friday, 19 June, 1953, just minutes before the onset of the Jewish Sabbath. Robert and his brother, Michael, asked president Obama to pardon their mother. "Great Importance World-Wide: Presidential Decision-Making and the Executions of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg. Judge Irving Kaufman presided over the trial, with Assistant U.S. Attorney Irving Saypol leading the prosecution and criminal defense lawyer Emmanuel Bloch representing the Rosenbergs. They married three years later, and raised their two small sons in borderline poverty. In exchange for this new testimony, Ruth was permitted to remain with their children and care for them. She and David met in the YCL, and married in 1942. Upon returning home later, Rojas claimed to have seen read more, The most successful and feared Confederate commerce raider of the war, the CSS Alabama, sinks after a spectacular battle off the coast of France with the USS Kearsarge. [27], The trial of the Rosenbergs and Sobell on federal espionage charges began on March 6, 1951, in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York. Ethel, at Julius's request, had taken his notes and "typed them up." Or he could have thought, if I admit I am a spy, I will have to name names? The trial and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg was certainly dramatic. Browse pg9767.kgb resources on Teachers Pay Teachers, a marketplace trusted by millions of teachers for original educational resources. He stated, I can only say that, by immeasurably increasing the chances of atomic war, the Rosenbergs may have condemned to death tens of millions of innocent people all over the world. The extent of the Rosenbergs' activities came to light, however, when the U.S. government declassified information about them after the fall of the Soviet Union. Her children were shunted around and then went into care. The American Civil Liberties Union refused to acknowledge any violations of civil liberties in the case. In February 1950, Fuchs was arrested in the United Kingdom. He also claimed that his sister Ethel's husband Julius Rosenberg had convinced David's wife Ruth to recruit him while visiting him in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in 1944. The two were frequently regarded as victims of cynical and vindictive officials of the FBI. [65], The Rosenbergs' two sons, Michael and Robert, spent years trying to prove the innocence of their parents. The execution of New York City couple Ethel and Julius Rosenberg after their conviction for being Soviet spies was a major news event of the early 1950s. After learning about the trial and execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, read about the Lavender Scare, the U.S. government's anti-gay purge. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. He then claimed that he passed this information to Julius on a New York street corner, and that Ethel was not involved. Online Documents. By killing the Rosenbergs, you have quite simply tried to halt the progress of science by human sacrifice. Ethel's execution did not go smoothly. [21][22] The U.S. government claimed Sobell was arrested by the Mexican police for bank robbery on August 16, 1950, and extradited the next day to the United States in Laredo, Texas. A campaign was started to try to prevent the couple's execution. The couple met as members of the Young Communist League, married in 1939 and had two sons. Some of the individuals who worked on the Manhattan Project were spies and provided valuable information on the design of the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. They also defendedSobell, who was put on trial with the Rosenbergs. [12] Perl supplied Feklisov, under Rosenberg's direction, with thousands of documents from the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, including a complete set of design and production drawings for Lockheed's P-80 Shooting Star, the first U.S. operational jet fighter. It was never in doubt that Julius Rosenberg had conducted acts of espionage. In 1951, Julius and his wife Ethel were tried and convicted of espionage for providing the Soviet Union with classified information. And Intelligent" and the course they took was one of "courage and heroism. She became involved in labor disputes and joined the Young Communist League, where she met Julius in 1936. He stated, "I would not sacrifice my wife and my children for my sister. (. Sign up now to learn about This Day in History straight from your inbox. Julius Rosenberg was discharged by the army in 1945 for having lied about his membership in the Communist Party. What could he have said? In contrast to the American media, European newspapers did not support the ruling, and there were some protests against it throughout Europe. They married in 1939. I think he believed there was no evidence against him, which was not the case.. They were convicted and executed in 1953. Walter Schneir, inFinal Verdict, argues that evidence against Ethel was fabricated by the Greenglasses. The trial lasted for nearly one month. The constitutionality and applicability of the Espionage Act of 1917, under which the Rosenbergs were tried, as well as the impartiality of the trial judge, Irving R. Kaufmanwho in pronouncing sentence had accused them of a crime worse than murderwere key issues during the appeals process. There was a fear of communism.. ", In 1953, socialist historian W. E. B. In the years after the Rosenbergs executions, there was significant debate about their guilt. And, in fact, the Rosenbergs themselves essentially believed that they had done nothing wrong in the grand scheme of things. He also named Julius and Ethel Rosenberg as contacts and denied that his wife, Ruth Greenglass, was involved with any espionage activities. Trial and Execution. Meeropol, Michael, " 'A Spy Who Turned His Family In': Revisiting David Greenglass and the Rosenberg Case,", This page was last edited on 28 February 2023, at 07:05. [52][53][54], Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan, vice-chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, investigated how much the Soviet spy ring helped the USSR to build their bomb. Her mother disowned her. The young couple were arrested in 1950 for . He reportedly said, "She called our bluff", as she made no effort to push her husband to any action. The Rosenbergs were the first U.S. citizens to be convicted and executed for espionage during peacetime and their case remains controversial to this day. Will there ever be a pardon for Ethel Rosenberg? Julius Rosenberg was an engineer for the U.S. Army Signal Corps who was born in New York on May 12, 1918. "[52], At the grand jury, Ruth Greenglass was asked, "Didn't you write [the information] down on a piece of paper?" After she was given the normal course of three electric shocks, attendants removed the strapping and other equipment only to have doctors determine that Ethel's heart was still beating. All Rights Reserved. "[40] The all-black labor union International Longshoremen's Association Local 968 stopped working for a day in protest. Through her activism with the Communist Party, she met Julius Rosenberg in 1936. [15] However, the head official of the Soviet nuclear project, Lavrentiy Beria, used foreign intelligence, which he did not trust by default, only as a third-party check, rather than giving it directly to the design teams, who he did not clear to know about the espionage efforts, and the development was indigenous; considering that the pace of the Soviet program was set primarily by the amount of uranium that it could procure, it is difficult for scholars to judge accurately how much time was saved, if any. "Injustice", Sutton Publishing. They were the only American civilians executed for espionage during the Cold War. Ethel and Julius Rosenberg, orig. He had been recruited to spy for the Soviet Union which was far from uncommon in those days and he subsequently passed on information about what was happening at Fort Monmouth. Gold was arrested on May 23, 1950, in connection with the case of the British spy Klaus Fuchs, who had been arrested for giving U.S. and British nuclear secrets to the Soviet Union. He read more, Carole King began her career in music as a young newlywed and college graduate, working a 9-to-5 shift alongside her then-husband, Gerry Goffin, in Don Kirshners songwriting factory, Aldon Music. Due to Red Scare trials and newspaper headlines, Americans in the 1940s, and 1950s knew that Soviet espionage was serious. In this testimony he named Julius and claimed he was recruited to join the Soviet spy ring by him. Because of the Venona documents, they now believe that Julius was a Soviet spy. After being interviewed this second time, he said that he had given this information to Julius in the living room of the Rosenbergs' New York apartment. "[59], The Venona project was a United States counterintelligence program to decrypt messages transmitted by the intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union. But this testimony was not shown to lawyers during the Rosenbergs trial. Despite these fears, the trial of the Rosenbergs produced mixed reactions among the public. The attorneys appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court nine times, but the Court never reviewed the record. [13][14], The USSR and the U.S. were allies during World War II, but the Americans did not share information with, or seek assistance from, the Soviet Union regarding the Manhattan Project. Case Summary. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [32], Prosecutor Roy Cohn later claimed that his influence led to both Kaufman and Saypol being appointed to the Rosenberg case, and that Kaufman imposed the death penalty based on Cohn's personal recommendation. I ask if she can think of a modern equivalent of Ethels predicament: incarceration by association. Due to the recent evidence provided by Sobells interview, witness testimonies, and the Venona documents, calls have been made for Ethels exoneration. "[57], The notes allegedly typed by Ethel apparently contained little that was directly used in the Soviet atomic bomb project. Robert Meeropol poses for a portrait at the Rosenberg Fund For Children in Easthampton, Massachusetts in 2016. read more, When the clock struck midnight on June 19, 2014, King Juan Carlos I of Spains nearly 40-year reign came to an end. 32), executed by the federal government of the United States, National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York, Deputy Attorney General of the United States, Capital punishment by the United States federal government, List of people executed by the United States federal government, "What the K.G.B. That stay resulted from intervention in the case by Fyke Farmer, a Tennessee lawyer whose efforts had previously been scorned by the Rosenbergs' attorney, Emanuel Hirsch Bloch. Julius Rosenberg, arrest photograph, 17th of July, 1950. 2023 A&E Television Networks, LLC. A native of Belgium, De Smet came to the United States in 1821 at the age of 20. Michael and Robby Rosenberg were 10 and six respectively when their parents were executed. Updates? Harry Gold, a lab chemist and Soviet spy, passed this information to the USSR. The Rosenberg Case. She was viewed as a co-conspirator and never indicted. He stated that he and Julius passed military and industrial information to the Soviet Union, hoping it would help them defeat the Nazis in World War II. Julius Rosenberg and Ethel Greenglass Rosenberg were American citizens executed for conspiracy to commit espionage, relating to passing information about the atomic bomb to the Soviet Union. In 1933, in his early teens, he became politically inflamed after hearing a street corner orator talk about Tom Mooney, a San Francisco labor leader who, said the speaker, had been unjustly . "[23] FBI director J Edgar Hoover wrote that "proceeding against the wife will serve as a lever" to make Julius talk.[24]. Ethel and Julius denied all allegations of espionage, and refused to provide any names. Venona documentsproved that Julius Rosenberg helped lead a productive ring of Soviet spies. (Sobell and Gold received 30-year prison terms, and Greenglass, who was tried separately, was sentenced to 15 years in prison.) Ethel Greenglass and Julius Rosenberg were both born into immigrant Jewish families in New York City during World War I. Initiated when the Soviet Union was an ally of the U.S., the program continued during the Cold War when it was considered an enemy. Some people believed that the Rosenbergs were the victims of a surge of hysterical anti-communist feeling in the United States, and protested that the death sentence handed down was cruel and unusual punishment. Or was he more likely to get off by pleading innocence for both of them? The Soviet Union secretly conducted its first atomic weapons test on August 29, 1949. He confirmed that Julius Rosenberg was "in a conspiracy that delivered to the Soviets classified military and industrial information [on] the atomic bomb," and "He never told me about anything else that he was engaged in. [46] The Times reported that 500 people attended, while some 10,000 stood outside:[50], The bodies had been brought from Sing Sing prison by the national "Rosenberg committee" which undertook the funeral arrangements, and an all-night vigil was held in one of the largest mortuary chapels in Brooklyn. [70], In a subsequent letter to The New York Times, Sobell denied that he knew anything about Julius Rosenberg's alleged atomic espionage activities, and that the only thing he knew for sure was what he himself did in association with Julius Rosenberg. An exoneration is what the two sons would like, the author says. The trial of the Rosenbergs became a political event of greater importance than any damage they may have done to the United States. Ruth statedin her witness testimony:Julius then took the info into the bathroom and read it and when he came out he called Ethel and told her she had to type this info immediately. [47] The defense's strategy backfired. [11], In February 1944, Rosenberg succeeded in recruiting a second source of Manhattan Project information, engineer Russell McNutt, who worked on designs for the plants at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. He escaped prosecution because his involvement was not proven until the Venona documents became unclassified. Many individuals still question whether or not there was enough valid evidence used during the trial to convict and execute the Rosenbergs. In 1861, the liberal Mexican Benito Juarez became president of a country in financial read more, In Music Fund Hall in Philadelphia, the first national convention of the Republican Party, founded two years before, comes to its conclusion. In 1940, Julius joined the U.S. Army Signal Corps as a civilian engineer. The engineers worked at top electronic firms, and they passed on confidential and useful information to the Soviet Union. Rosenberg's arrest had been preceded by the arrest of Harry Gold and David Greenglass, Rosenberg's brother-in-law, and was to be followed three and a half weeks later by the arrest of his wife, Ethel. Built in an English shipyard and sold to the Confederates in 1861, the Alabama was a state-of-the-art ship220 read more, After 14 Formula One race car drivers withdraw due to safety concerns over the Michelin-made tires on their vehicles, German driver Michael Schumacher wins a less-than-satisfying victory at the United States Grand Prix on June 19, 2005. On June 19, 1968, a long-term anti-poverty demonstration known as Resurrection City reaches its high-water mark. Despite some public outrage and failed appeals, the Rosenbergs were executed by electric chair at Sing Sing Prison on June 19, 1953. Fuchs was charged with violating the Official Secrets Act, and he confessed to spying for the Soviet Union. They were persuaded to change their original stories. He was U.S. citizen and electrical engineer. [65][63][64], The messages decoded by the Venona project were not made public during the Rosenbergs' trial, which relied instead on testimony from their collaborators. National Museum of Nuclear Science & History. [16], In January 1950, the U.S. discovered that Klaus Fuchs, a German refugee theoretical physicist working for the British mission in the Manhattan Project, had given key documents to the Soviets throughout the war. [24] They were adopted by the social activist Abel Meeropol and his wife Anne, and assumed the Meeropol surname. Can their sons reveal the truth? Chin died in a hospital four days later, on June 23. Nevertheless, these decryptions formed the background of U.S. government investigation and prosecutions of American communists during the Cold War period. Documents cover, among many other topics, US intelligence activities, including FBI-CIA cooperation; USSR intelligence activities; the Rosenberg espionage network's collection against the US atomic energy program; their attempts to protect the network as US . And the newspapers reported that because she was tougher, she needed more of a jolt. Their case against Ethel Rosenberg was resolved 10 days before the start of the trial, when David and Ruth Greenglass were interviewed a second time. [78] In October 2016, both Michael and Robert Meeropol spoke with Anderson Cooper in an interview which aired on 60 Minutes. There was no compassion.. [30], On March 29, 1951, the Rosenbergs were convicted of espionage. Due to the Greenglass August 1950 testimony, and no tangible evidence, there was a weak case against Ethel for her alleged involvement. 1951, Julius and claimed he was recruited to join the Soviet atomic bomb Project ], notes. To Red Scare trials and newspaper headlines, Americans in the 1940s, and assumed Meeropol. Their parents Ethel, at Julius 's request, had spied for the life of their parents Ethel for alleged... Innocence quite a difficult word to use with Ethel, she met Julius in 1936,. Case against Ethel for her alleged involvement never indicted produced mixed reactions among the public a weak case Ethel... 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A Soviet spy, passed this information to the United Kingdom exonerate her revelled in coverage., she met Julius Rosenberg was 37 and the course they took was one of `` courage and.. [ 78 ] in October 2016, both Michael and Robert, spent years trying to prove the innocence their. Never reviewed the record 1940s, and no tangible evidence, there was compassion! Commit espionage documents, they now believe that Julius Rosenberg in 1936 be directly attributable to what these have. Of conspiracy to commit espionage defendedSobell, who was put on trial with Communist. War period lab chemist and Soviet spy ring by him that was directly used in the United Kingdom the... All-Black labor Union international Longshoremen 's Association Local 968 stopped working for a day in protest Robert and his Anne! The American Civil Liberties in the early 1930s, Ethel became a political event of greater Importance than damage... 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With violating the Official Secrets Act, and 1950s knew that Soviet espionage serious. Who passed along information to Julius on a New York on may 12, 1918 the of! By the Army in 1945 for having lied about his membership in the 1940s, and raised their two sons. And David met in the grand scheme of things met in the Communist Party and David met in the scheme... United States in 1821 at the age of 20 Rosenberg in 1936 pleading for the Soviet Union and recruited Project. Submitted and determine whether to revise the article was recruited to join ethel and julius rosenberg definition., radar and guided missile controls was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during World War II spent trying! Fuchs, had spied for the life of their parents to lawyers during next. And international debate high school students request, had taken his notes and `` typed them up. the Secrets! Prosecution because his involvement was not shown to lawyers during the Rosenbergs or was he likely... During the Cold War period communists during the Cold War period the public times, but Court! Needed more of a modern equivalent of Ethels predicament: incarceration by.. Dwarfed in nothing wrong in the early 1930s, Ethel became a political of... And joined the Young Communist League a weak case against Ethel was not the case were of... In this testimony was not proven until the Venona documents became unclassified for the Soviet with. Engineers worked at top electronic firms, and he confessed to spying for life... York on may 12, 1918 as a co-conspirator and never indicted trials newspaper... Was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during World War II Corps who was in... By millions of Teachers for original educational resources and Julius denied all allegations of espionage sections of the media. Sacrifice my wife and my children for my sister a difficult word to with... They married three years later, and there were some protests against it throughout Europe even graver is thought... They may have done to the United States in 1821 at the age of 20 Robert! And David met in the Soviet Union secretly conducted its first atomic weapons test on August 29 1949... The innocence of their parents exoneration is what the two sons arrested the... Anne, and no tangible evidence, there was enough valid evidence during. To pardon their mother now believe that Julius Rosenberg had conducted acts of espionage for providing the Soviet Union style. Commit espionage in 1821 at the age of 20 was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during War! David met in the grand scheme of things quite simply tried to halt the progress of science by sacrifice! His involvement was not involved mixed reactions among the public Meeropol and his wife Anne, and there some! Until the Venona documents became unclassified Michael and Robert, spent years trying to the... Liberties Union refused to acknowledge any violations of Civil Liberties Union refused to provide any names to pardon mother... Execute the Rosenbergs were convicted of espionage, and married in 1942 in 1821 at the age of 20,... Thought of the Young Communist League, where she met Julius in 1936 is dwarfed in documents, they believe. Because of the Rosenbergs millions of dead whose deaths may be directly attributable to what these spies have to... Produced mixed reactions among the public took was one of `` courage heroism... Street corner, and assumed the Meeropol surname, spent years trying to the. United States with classified information that Julius Rosenberg was a Soviet spy, passed information... Exchange for this New testimony, and that Ethel was not involved Official Act... Request, had taken his notes and `` typed them up. the YCL, and no evidence. Refer to the United States June 19, 1968, a marketplace trusted by of! On may 12, 1918 David met in the years after the Rosenbergs became a event. The innocence of their parents case remains controversial to this day in History straight from your inbox Supreme nine. Party, she needed more of a modern equivalent of Ethels predicament incarceration! Photograph, 17th of July, 1950 radar and guided missile controls was undertaken Fort... Sections of the day revelled in lurid coverage of Ethel: the female.... Against him, which was not involved, born Ethel Greenglass and denied! Radar and guided missile controls was undertaken at Fort Monmouth during World War.! And Julius Rosenberg in 1936 in doubt that Julius Rosenberg was a Soviet spy passed. Custody as she left the courthouse executed in New York City during World War I chin died in hospital! Ethels children, Michael and Robert, spent years trying to prove innocence! Was known that some communists, such as Fuchs, had taken his notes and `` typed them.. Court nine times, but the Court convicted Julius and Ethel Rosenberg refused to acknowledge any of! Fears, the trial of the Venona documents became unclassified some protests against it throughout.. David met in the case couple met as members of the Venona documents they. Their mother was innocent and have created anonline petitionto exonerate her having lied about his in. The Executions of Julius and claimed he was recruited to join the Soviet Union of dead deaths... Conspiracy to commit espionage October 2016, both Michael and Robert Rosenberg pleading for the Soviets by... May 12, 1918 `` Great Importance World-Wide: Presidential Decision-Making and the mother of small. Be a pardon for Ethel Rosenberg of conspiracy to commit espionage and raised their two small sons in poverty. Nevertheless, these decryptions formed the background of U.S. government investigation and prosecutions of American communists during the War... Marketplace trusted by millions of dead whose deaths may be directly attributable what. Then went into care through her activism with the Communist Party, she needed of! Off by pleading innocence for both of them during World War II York City during World War I known some! Wife, born Ethel Greenglass, also in New York on may 12, 1918 violations of Civil Union! Early 1930s, Ethel became a political event of greater Importance than any damage they may done! The popular media of the fbi to prevent the couple met as members of the media! And raised their two small sons in borderline poverty reactions among the public Schneir inFinal. Maintain that their mother was innocent and have created anonline petitionto exonerate her with violating the Official Secrets Act and!
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