list of soldiers killed at little bighorn

All 210 U.S. soldiers who followed George Armstrong Custer into the Battle of the Little Bighorn were killed; Custer also died. I am hoping that some day all of these damned fakirs will die and it will be safe for actual participants in the battle to admit and insist that they were there, without being branded and looked upon as a lot of damned liars. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "On a final note: the Springfield carbine remained the official cavalry firearm until the early 1890s". Reno credited Benteen's luck with repulsing a severe attack on the portion of the perimeter held by Companies H and M.[note 5] On June 27, the column under General Terry approached from the north, and the natives drew off in the opposite direction. Custer was on the verge of abolishing the wings led by Reno and Benteen, and the inclusion of Brisbin would have complicated the arrangement he had in mind. While such stories were gathered by Thomas Bailey Marquis in a book in the 1930s, it was not published until 1976 because of the unpopularity of such assertions. Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "Scholars have for years debated the issue of whether or not the Model 1873 Springfield carbine carried by cavalrymen, malfunctioned during the battle and [whether this] was one reason for the defeat" and "No definitive conclusion can be drawn [as to] the possible malfunction as being a significant cause of Custer's defeat. About 60% of these recruits were American, the rest were European immigrants (Most were Irish and German)just as many of the veteran troopers had been before their enlistments. When offered the 2nd Cavalry, he reportedly replied that the 7th "could handle anything. In this formation, every fourth trooper held the horses for the troopers in firing position, with 5 to 10 yards (5 to 9m) separating each trooper, officers to their rear and troopers with horses behind the officers. The probable attack upon the families and capture of the herds were in that event counted upon to strike consternation in the hearts of the warriors and were elements for success upon which General Custer fully counted. [131][132] Wanting to prevent any escape by the combined tribes to the south, where they could disperse into different groups,[47] Custer believed that an immediate attack on the south end of the camp was the best course of action. Sklenar, 2000, p. 163: "the village contained possibly 1,200 lodges, plus several hundred wikiups housing individual warriors. However, "the Indians had now discovered him and were gathered closely on the opposite side". Hoxie, Frederick E.: Parading Through History. The Battle of the Little Bighorn, known to the Lakota and other Plains Indians as the Battle of the Greasy Grass,[1] and also commonly referred to as Custer's Last Stand, was an armed engagement between combined forces of the Lakota Sioux, Northern Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes and the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army. Omissions? Another officer and 1318 men were missing. According to Pretty Shield, the wife of Goes-Ahead (another Crow scout for the 7th Cavalry), Custer was killed while crossing the river: "and he died there, died in the water of the Little Bighorn, with Two-bodies, and the blue soldier carrying his flag". 254, enacted February 28, 1877) officially took away Sioux land and permanently established Indian reservations. Many of these men threw down their weapons while Cheyenne and Sioux warriors rode them down, "counting coup" with lances, coup sticks, and quirts. [67] By the time troops came to recover the bodies, the Lakota and Cheyenne had already removed most of their own dead from the field. For instance, he refused to use a battery of Gatling guns and turned down General Terry's offer of an additional battalion of the 2nd Cavalry. Washington 1874, p. 124. [189], Historians have asked whether the repeating rifles conferred a distinct advantage on Sitting Bull's villagers that contributed to their victory over Custer's carbine-armed soldiers. Sitting Bull's village was multi-tribal, consisted of "a thousand tipis [that] were assembled in six horseshoe-shaped semicircles", had a population of approx. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [65], Benteen was hit in the heel of his boot by an Indian bullet. A steep bank, some 8 feet (2.4m) high, awaited the mounted men as they crossed the river; some horses fell back onto others below them. The only approach to a line was where 5 or 6 [dead] horses found at equal distances, like skirmishers [part of Lt. Calhoun's Company L]. [64] He made no attempt to engage the Indians to prevent them from picking off men in the rear. When the army examined the Custer battle site, soldiers could not determine fully what had transpired. Many orders might have been given, but few obeyed. "[48]:312[51]. Custer believed that the Gatling guns would impede his march up the Rosebud and hamper his mobility. In fragmenting his regiment, Custer had left its three main components unable to provide each other support. "The case for a Custer Battalion survivor: Private Gustave Korns story". Sheridan (Company L), the brother of Lt. Gen. ", Hatch, 1997, p. 184: "It has been estimated that perhaps 200 repeating rifles were possessed by the Indians, nearly one for each [man in Custer's battalion].". [29], Unknown to Custer, the group of Native Americans seen on his trail was actually leaving the encampment and did not alert the rest of the village. Custer refused the assistance, and Terry abided by that. [125] Some testimony by non-Army officers suggested that he was drunk and a coward. ), Ultimately, however, much of the understanding of this most famous portion of the battle is the product of conjecture, and the popular perception of it remains shrouded in myth. Benteen was born on August 24, 1834. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Battle of the Little Bighorn, also called Custers Last Stand, (June 25, 1876), battle at the Little Bighorn River in Montana Territory, U.S., between federal troops led by Lieut. Their use was probably a significant cause of the confusion and panic among the soldiers so widely reported by Native American eyewitnesses. Beginning in the early 1970s, there was concern within the National Park Service over the name Custer Battlefield National Monument failing to adequately reflect the larger history of the battle between two cultures. pistol. 268 Soldiers and attached personnel of the Seventh Cavalry killed in the It is also where some Indians who had been following the command were seen and Custer assumed he had been discovered. Army intelligence had estimated Sitting Bulls force at 800 fighting men; in fact, some 2,000 Sioux and Cheyenne warriors took part in the battle. The command began its approach to the village at noon and prepared to attack in full daylight. Reno advanced rapidly across the open field towards the northwest, his movements masked by the thick belt of trees that ran along the southern banks of the Little Bighorn River. ", Hatch, 1997, pp. The 7th Cavalry suffered 52 percent casualties: 16 officers and 242 troopers killed or died of wounds, 1 officer and 51 troopers wounded. Miles took command of the effort in October 1876. Of the 45 officers and 718 troopers then assigned to the 7th Cavalry (including a second lieutenant detached from the 20th Infantry and serving in Company L), 14 officers (including the regimental commander) and 152 troopers did not accompany the 7th during the campaign. [64] Indians both fired on the soldiers from a distance, and within close quarters, pulled them off their horses and clubbed their heads. ", Gallear, 2001: "The bow's effective range was about 30 yards and was unlikely to kill a man instantly or even knock him off his horse. The Lone Teepee was an important location during the Battle of the Little Bighorn for several reasons, including:[57][58][59], The first group to attack was Major Reno's second detachment (Companies A, G and M) after receiving orders from Custer written out by Lt. William W. Cooke, as Custer's Crow scouts reported Sioux tribe members were alerting the village. ", Hatch, 1997, p. 24: "Brisbin argued with Terry that Custer was undermanned, and requested that his troops [which had the] Gatling guns with Terry in command because Brisbin did not want to serve under Custerbe permitted to accompany [Custer's] column. From a distance, Weir witnessed many Indians on horseback and on foot shooting at items on the ground-perhaps killing wounded soldiers and firing at dead bodies on the "Last Stand Hill" at the northern end of the Custer battlefield. Archaeological evidence suggests that many of these troopers were malnourished and in poor physical condition, despite being the best-equipped and supplied regiment in the Army.[32][33]. [67]:282. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [118] Although soldiers may have believed captives would be tortured, Indians usually killed men outright and took as captive for adoption only young women and children. Why is the Battle of the Little Bighorn significant? Former U.S. Army Crow Scouts visiting the Little Bighorn battlefield, circa 1913, Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer , commanding, Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum (wounded), Chief of Scouts, Estimates of Native American casualties have differed widely, from as few as 36 dead (from Native American listings of the dead by name) to as many as 300. Reno's force crossed the Little Bighorn at the mouth of what is today Reno Creek around 3:00pm on June 25. [180] The regulation Model 1860 saber or "long knives" were not carried by troopers upon Custer's order. ", Lawson, 2007 p. 50: "Custerrefused Major James Brisbin's offer to include his Second Cavalry Regiment [200 troopers], told Terry "the 7th can handle anything it meets. Several contemporary accounts note that Korn's horse bolted in the early stages of the battle, whilst he was serving with Custer's 'I' company, and that he ended up joining Reno's companies making their stand on Reno Hill.[227]. First, he went over the ground covered by the troops with the three Crow scouts White Man Runs Him, Goes Ahead, and Hairy Moccasin, and then again with Two Moons and a party of Cheyenne warriors. Hurrah boys, we've got them! Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument preserves the site of the June 25 and 26, 1876, Battle of the Little Bighorn, near Crow Agency, Montana, in the United States. Within days, Crazy Horse surrendered at Fort Robinson, Nebraska. The number of cartridges indicated that about 20 warriors at this position were using Henry repeating rifles. 65, No. [190], Historian Michael L. Lawson offers a scenario based on archaeological collections at the "Henryville" site, which yielded plentiful Henry rifle cartridge casings from approximately 20 individual guns. And p. 114: Custer told his officer staff days before the battle that he "opted against the Gatling gunsso as not to 'hamper our movements'", Sklenar, 2000, p. 92: Custer "on the evening of 22 June[informed his officer staff]why he had not accepted the offersof Gatling guns (he thought they might hamper his movements at a critical moment). Ownership of the Black Hills, which had been a focal point of the 1876 conflict, was determined by an ultimatum issued by the Manypenny Commission, according to which the Sioux were required to cede the land to the United States if they wanted the government to continue supplying rations to the reservations. [53]:379, The Sioux and Cheyenne fighters were acutely aware of the danger posed by the military engagement of non-combatants and that "even a semblance of an attack on the women and children" would draw the warriors back to the village, according to historian John S. It became apparent that the warriors in the village were either aware or would soon be aware of his approach. [3][4][5][6] The Lakotas were there without consent from the local Crow tribe, which had treaty on the area. Private Daniel Newall mentioned the problem". Hatch, 1997, p. 124: "The controversy results from the known failure of the carbine to [eject] the spent .45-55 caliber cartridge [casings]. Frank Finkel, from Dayton, Washington, had such a convincing story that historian Charles Kuhlman[217] believed the alleged survivor, going so far as to write a lengthy defense of Finkel's participation in the battle. WebPrivates Patrick Golden and Richard Farrell died at opposite ends of the battlefield. The Gatlings, mounted high on carriages, required the battery crew to stand upright during its operation, making them easy targets for Lakota and Cheyenne sharpshooters. "[199], The breechloader design patent for the Springfield's Erskine S. Allin trapdoor system was owned by the US government and the firearm could be easily adapted for production with existing machinery at the Springfield Armory in Massachusetts. Stands In Timber, John and Margot Liberty (1972): Calloway, Colin G.: "The Inter-tribal Balance of Power on the Great Plains, 17601850". Custer planned "to live and travel like Indians; in this manner the command will be able to go wherever the Indians can", he wrote in his Herald dispatch. Later, the troops would have bunched together in defensive positions and are alleged to have shot their remaining horses as cover. After their celebrations, many of the Natives returned to the reservation. The United States government acknowledged that Native American sacrifices also deserved recognition at the site. ", Philbrick, 2010, p. 73: "The biggest problem with the [Gatling] gun was transporting it to where it might be of some use [in the week preceding the Battle of the Little Bighorn], the Gatling, not the mules, proved to be the biggest hindrance to the expedition. [67]:1020 The precise location of the north end of the village remains in dispute, however. Gallear, 2001: "The Indians were well equipped with hand-to-hand weapons and these included lances, tomahawks, war clubs, knives and war shields were carried for defense. [200] At time when funding for the post-war Army had been slashed, the prospect for economical production influenced the Ordnance Board member selection of the Springfield option. Each of the heavy, hand-cranked weapons could fire up to 350 rounds a minute, an impressive rate, but they were known to jam frequently. but 'the men' seems to have been an exaggeration. Custer's wife, Elizabeth Bacon Custer, in particular, guarded and promoted the ideal of him as the gallant hero, attacking any who cast an ill light on his reputation. He described the death of a Sioux sharpshooter killed after being seen too often by the enemy. "[45] This message made no sense to Benteen, as his men would be needed more in a fight than the packs carried by herd animals. Brig. Fort Worth: Amon Carter Museum of Western Art, 1969, Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, C-SPAN Cities Tour Billings: Battle of the Little Bighorn, Learn how and when to remove this template message, Cultural depictions of George Armstrong Custer, List of battles won by Indigenous peoples of the Americas, "Characterization of Geographical Aspects of the Landscape and Environment in the Area of the Little Bighorn Battlefield, Montana", Washita Memories: Eyewitness Views of Custer's Attack on Black Kettle's Village (review), "A 7th Cavalry survivor's account of the Battle of the Little Bighorn", "Online version of Cullum's Register of Graduates of the United States Military Academy Class of 1846 Samuel D. Sturgis", "The 7th U.S. Cavalry Regiment Fought in Battle of the Little Bighorn", "The official record of a court of inquiry convened at Chicago, Illinois, January 13, 1879, by the President of the United States upon the request of Major Marcus A. Reno, 7th U.S. Cavalry, to investigate his conduct at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, June 2526, 1876", "George Armstrong Custer and The Battle of the Little of The Little Big Horn (A South African View)", "Confirmed by one of his surviving Arikara scouts, Little Sioux", "Little Sioux's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn", Martin J. Kidston, "Northern Cheyenne break vow of silence", "White Cow Bull's Story of the Battle of the Little Bighorn #1", "Indian War / Gen. Gibbons Letter Relating to Terrible Massacre", "Massacre of Our Troops / Five Companies Killed by Indians", "1876: The Eagle Screams. Custer's Last Stand. The U.S. Congress authorized appropriations to expand the Army by 2,500 men to meet the emergency after the defeat of the 7th Cavalry. This Helena, Montana newspaper article did not report the battle until July 6, referring to a July 3 story from a Bozeman, Montana newspaperitself eight days after the event. Later, looking from a hill .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}2+12 miles (4km) away after parting with Reno's command, Custer could observe only women preparing for the day, and young boys taking thousands of horses out to graze south of the village. [92]:3948 Over the years since the battle, skeletal remains that were reportedly recovered from the mouth of the Deep Ravine by various sources have been repatriated to the Little Big Horn National Monument. Some Native accounts recalled this segment of the fight as a "buffalo run."[82]. This left about 50-60 men, mostly from F Company and the staff, on Last Stand Hill. ", Donovan, 2008, p. 191: "The Springfield had won out over many other American and foreign rifles, some of them repeaters, after extensive testing supervised by an army board that had included Marcus Reno and Alfred Terry.". [29], While the Terry-Gibbon column was marching toward the mouth of the Little Bighorn, on the evening of June 24, Custer's Indian scouts arrived at an overlook known as the Crow's Nest, 14 miles (23km) east of the Little Bighorn River. The battle, which resulted in the defeat of U.S. forces, was the most significant action of the Great Sioux War of 1876. In November 1868, while stationed in Kansas, the 7th Cavalry under Custer had routed Black Kettle's Southern Cheyenne camp on the Washita River in the Battle of Washita River, an attack which was at the time labeled a "massacre of innocent Indians" by the Indian Bureau. 16263: Reno's wing "lefton June 10accompanied by a Gatling gun and its crew", Donovan, 2008, p. 163: "The [Gatling gun] and its ammunitionwas mostly pulled by two 'condemned' cavalry mounts [p. 176: "drawn by four condemned horses"] judged not fit to carry troopers, but it needed the occasional hauling by hand through some of the rougher ravines. ", Lawson, 2007, pp. Some Scouts would have been armed with both types of weapons plus a variety of side arms. The Sioux Campaign of 1876 under the Command of General John Gibbon. [48]:255259 E Company rushed off Custer Hill toward the Little Bighorn River but failed to reach it, which resulted in the destruction of that company. The 1991 bill changing the name of the national monument also authorized an Indian Memorial to be built near Last Stand Hill in honor of Lakota and Cheyenne warriors. Vol. [218] Douglas Ellisonmayor of Medora, North Dakota, and an amateur historianalso wrote a book in support of the veracity of Finkel's claim,[219] but most scholars reject it. Photo by Stanley J. Morrow, spring 1877, Looking in the direction of the Indian village and the deep ravine. Reports of an attempted fording of the river at Medicine Tail Coulee might explain Custer's purpose for Reno's attack, that is, a coordinated "hammer-and-anvil" maneuver, with Reno's holding the Indians at bay at the southern end of the camp, while Custer drove them against Reno's line from the north. Almost as soon as men came forward implying or directly pronouncing their unique role in the battle, there were others who were equally opposed to any such claims. His men were widely scattered and unable to support each other. 9193: "[Henryville] was named in the mid-1980s by archaeologists after they discovered a large artifact collection there, which included numerous .44-caliber Henry cartridges. [note 11] Several other badly wounded horses were found and killed at the scene. [75] Troopers had to dismount to help the wounded men back onto their horses. Where was the Battle of the Little Bighorn fought? [231], The Indian Memorial, themed "Peace Through Unity" l is an open circular structure that stands 75 yards (69 metres) from the 7th Cavalry obelisk. He had died a couple of days after the Rosebud battle, and it was the custom of the Indians to move camp when a warrior died and leave the body with its possessions. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Earlier in the spring, many of those Native Americans had congregated to celebrate the annual Sun Dance ceremony, at which Sitting Bull experienced a prophetic vision of soldiers toppling upside down in his camp, which he interpreted as a harbinger of a great victory for his people. [48], General Terry and others claimed that Custer made strategic errors from the start of the campaign. The tepees in that area were occupied by the Hunkpapa Sioux. Gallear, 2001: "In 1872 the Army tested a number of foreign and domestic single-shot breechloaders". The cavalry trooper would then have used his saber. One 7th Cavalry trooper claimed to have found several stone mallets consisting of a round cobble weighing 810 pounds (about 4kg) with a rawhide handle, which he believed had been used by the Indian women to finish off the wounded. [115] In 1881, Red Horse told Dr. C. E. McChesney the same numbers but in a series of drawings done by Red Horse to illustrate the battle, he drew only sixty figures representing Lakota and Cheyenne casualties. Graham, Benteen letter to Capt. [178][188] Virtually every trooper in the 7th Cavalry fought with the single-shot, breech-loading Springfield carbine and the Colt revolver. The Indian Agents based this estimate on the number of Lakota that Sitting Bull and other leaders had reportedly led off the reservation in protest of U.S. government policies. ", Sklenar, 2000, p. 72: On Reno's [June 10 to June 18] reconnaissance "the Gatling guns proved to be an annoying burdenthey either fell apart or had to be disassembled and carried in pieces over rough terrain." Its approach was seen by Indians at that end of the village. There were about 50 known deaths among Sitting Bulls followers. In the end, the hilltop to which Custer had moved was probably too small to accommodate all of the survivors and wounded. Later accounts from surviving Indians are useful but are sometimes conflicting and unclear. Among the dead were Custer's brothers Boston and Thomas, his brother-in-law James Calhoun, and his nephew Henry Reed. Frederick Benteen. Both failed Custer and he had to fight it out alone. [233][234], US Casualty Marker Battle of the Little Bighorn, Indian Memorial by Colleen Cutschall[235]. Ordered to charge, Reno began that phase of the battle. [195], The Springfield carbine is praised for its "superior range and stopping power" by historian James Donovan, and author Charles M. Robinson reports that the rifle could be "loaded and fired much more rapidly than its muzzle-loading predecessors, and had twice the range of repeating rifles such as the Winchester, Henry and Spencer. They were reportedly stunned by the news. THE DESOLATE RIDGES AND WINDING GULLIES ABOVE THE LITTLE BIGHORN RIVER in south-central Montana provide As this was the likely location of Native encampments, all army elements had been instructed to converge there around June 26 or 27 in an attempt to engulf the Native Americans. The casings would have to be removed manually with a pocketknife before [reloading and] firing again. Weir could see that the Indian camps comprised some 1,800 lodges. Terrys plan was for Custer to attack the Lakota and Cheyenne from the south, forcing them toward a smaller force that he intended to deploy farther upstream on the Little Bighorn River. WebGeorge Lell Corporal H, wounded then died June 26 William H. Lerock Private F John Lewis Private C Herod T. Liddiard Private E Werner L. Liemann Private F Little Brave Indian Scout Edward W. Lloyd Private I Louis Lobering Private L George E. Lord (with Custer) His civilian occupation was laborer. This was the beginning of their attack on Custer who was forced to turn and head for the hill where he would make his famous "last stand". Modern archaeology and historical Indian accounts indicate that Custer's force may have been divided into three groups, with the Indians attempting to prevent them from effectively reuniting. The Sioux refused the money subsequently offered and continue to insist on their right to occupy the land. "[48]:306 Yates's force "posed an immediate threat to fugitive Indian families" gathering at the north end of the huge encampment;[48]:299 he then persisted in his efforts to "seize women and children" even as hundreds of warriors were massing around Keogh's wing on the bluffs. Men to meet the emergency after the defeat of U.S. forces, was the Battle, resulted. As cover other support ] some testimony by non-Army officers suggested that he was drunk and coward! 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