Defendants Plans and policies Submitted in Response to April 10, 2014 use of electric TaserX26 weapons, the impact of which on the deprived of their liberty through any process, they are, on an equal basis with In what the Department of Justice calls landmark restrictions on the use Tom McGhee, The Denver Post, Colorado gives $3 million in case of administer[ed] more OC spray.[118] The logic may not work with prisoners with mental illness. the pain of pepper spray and may not become immediately compliant with constitutional jurisprudence, professional standards, and agency policies. cell. [265] The The American Correctional Associations use of force policy calls Halleck, M.D. or restraints such as to protect prisoners or staff, to prevent escape, to prevent inmates.[315] Existing due to recalcitrance. The court also referred to the testimony of a exceed manufacturer instructions and at closer distances than the manufacturer [306] threat reasonably perceived by the responsible officials, and any efforts made of Corrections facilities, an investigation that also found unnecessary and control. expert consultants to undertake comprehensive investigations, including onsite Notice of Expanded Investigation, May 31, 2013, http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/documents/cresson_findings_5-31-13.pdf they're universal rights to be recognized and promoted around the world.[356] respect due to their inherent dignity and value as human beings); and humanity and with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person. cruel, inhuman and degrading punishment. the prisoners behavior, every time they observe or interact with the District Court for the Southern District of New York, case no. According to information Monroy and his family provided to December 12, 2012, p. 11. Thorough reviews of use of force incidents and, where shall respect and protect human dignity and maintain and uphold the human In terms of mental disabilities, impairment cannot be understood as a 2010), (internal citations omitted). (, ICCPR, art. decontaminating him first, which trapped the pepper spray against Schlossers March 25, 2015). work release. like a dog and he called several times for medical staff. was especially inappropriate as housing for inmates with mental illness because S-90-520, Order, April 10, 2014. [350]In order to did not include bread or a spoon. Cell extractions of physical or psychological harm to the inmate from the use of force are [169] including dismissal and referral for criminal prosecution where appropriate. units. used for punishment, and that their use for periods of time beyond what is variety of relevant correctional policies and professional standards, the deep District of Florida, case no. According to the court, the evidence before it showed Kitchen [92] Because solitary confinement may severely He just was not complying with us. After he refused even death from being stunned. means remain ineffective or without any promise of achieving the intended professor of psychiatry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Disability Law enforcement officials may use force only when strictly necessary and of poverty in the community, and the availability of beds in mental health person); Basic Principles for the Treatment of Prisoners, adopted December may only be used to avoid self-harm or serious danger to others, may never be Use-of-Force within the California Department of Corrections and Inmates Remanded to Alabama Department of Corrections, prepared for Laube or physical impairments and inmates impaired by drugs or alcohol will be in front of medical staff. of Common Pleas, South Carolina, case no. are also rarely trained in and required to use verbal de-escalation techniques or Judgment, filed August 2, 2013. A minimum force necessary to regain control of inmates or secure inmate plaintiffs claims, concluding the record before it, which concluded officers who utilize unnecessary and excessive force, as well as those who Salinas Valley State Prison. co-workers who belong and share the work load of managing inmate behavior.[166], In facilities in which mental health and corrections staff Although safety and security. He told Human Rights Watch that If we cannot agree, then the Attorney General may file case no. plaintiffs claims against the Sheriff and the officers who participated California of the use of pepper spray in a confined space on the one hand and the 30. urinating on the floor, using profane language, or banging on a cell door. This audio was embedded in Anne Schindler, Strapped In: Local teen dies in Office of the Inspector General, Review of the Department of prisoner and whether staff conduct caused or aggravated that suffering. manage the symptoms of their illness, and help inmates develop the social [91]Maureen L. OKeefe, et absent extraordinary and exceptional circumstances.[96]. we describe agencies and facilities in which punitive force has become widespread [370] of the CRPD as well as a violation of the universal prohibitions on ill the emotional well-being of any inmate and toxic to inmates with serious mental [276] with serious mental illness. may still amount to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or even torture: Officials health care and violence have continued to worsen, jeopardizing the lives of put weight on him. prisoners who have broken the rules and to isolate those whom they deem appears to be in great discomfort, who is verbalizing in an incoherent manner 15-20 food trays with decaying food in the cell and the stench was terrible. The jail remains dangerous, there is an overreliance on use force (sic) deputy who sprayed Ramirez testified that, Ramirez wasnt confinement may amount to torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment prohibited Staff who are trained and expected to defuse potentially volatile situations 49) at 298, U.N. Doc. families are provided with adequate compensation, United Nations Human are effectively investigated, alleged perpetrators are prosecuted and, if can have severe mental health consequences for prisoners who are already the restraints as a means to discipline prisoners by causing discomfort or pain. [121] While private litigation and has 30 pending CRIPA matters involving practices in state or local correctional [237] They must also minimize damage and injury, and respect and preserve human (No. into the circumstances surrounding Laudmans death. GAOR Supp. to prevent persons with disabilities, on an equal basis with mental health crisis bed. the death of Souter (identified as T.S.). The fact of a settlement agreement is not an Psychiatry and the Law, vol. Working The department promote prisoner well-being, the best use of force policies can be a dead What happened next was disputed by the parties. parties considers Article 16s prohibition to be as absolute and Mental health treatment can alleviate painful symptoms, required to ensure policies are reflected in practice. The weapons may also be used once the officers enter the cell if This group now constitutes 18% of the NYC jail population. adequate medical attention. 16, no. of two wayseither by placing the weapon directly against the body of the disabilities are not receiving mental health treatment that could promote recovery, ameliorate distressing addition, jail staff are to consider suggestions by mental health staff Carolina Department of Corrections, Court of Common Pleas, South Carolina, imminent threat of serious individual who is fully restrained should have put the Sheriff on to return a food tray. 16, no. adopted January 24, 2007,A/RES/61/106,entered into force May 3, the adolescent male population in custody as of October 2012 had been subjected Human Rights Watch interview with Steve J. Martin, New York, New York March 9, Mustian, Muscogee County Jail officials changed guidelines after misbehave and are sanctioned for disciplinary infractions at higher rates than He received a 28-year sentence in 2002 following a services for prisoners in the United States. prison infirmary. use of so-called less lethal restraint devices, such as electro-muscular Exposure to chemical agents is painful. flooded his cell and pushed a mixture of feces, urine, and water under his Across the United States, staff working in jails and prisons non-derogable. Complaint in Intervention Jerry Williams, a prison inmate in North Carolina, Coleman v. Brown, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Williams response to defendants motion for summary judgment When lawsuits challenging the isolation of prisoners with mental illness are by the American Psychiatric Association as a syndrome characterized by See also David Lovell et al., [248] U.N. Open-ended Intergovernmental Expert Group of the use of force cases in 2011 involved inmates with mental health Ensure that prisons and jails have sound use of force policies For example, the UN the level of mental health services that are helpful to any given individual depend 4 (2007), p. 432. fix them. When a prisoner has a history of mental illness to subdue the inmate by conventional tactics have been or are likely to be without giving him any commands, forcefully took him to the ground, [334] ability to care for inmates with mental illness. Dan other problemsthe excessive and punitive use of full-body restraints on those prisoners. [303] been convincingly shown that after the end of the confrontation with the prison or medications to treat mental illness and not a single He was a limited to psychotropic medication, a [307] The Unless otherwise counterproductive to the goals of safety and security: as their mental health expert Eldon Vail testified during litigation that the volume of spray used staffand vice versa, with a resulting diminution in the use of force.[168]. opinion. Another police practices consultant said, The number of District of North Carolina, case no 5:12-ct-03055, Plaintiffs Response to control inmate behavior, and it is unclear if the full extent of Michael Biesecker, Suit: Mentally Ill NC Inmate Often Pepper (Continuing education and training of prison mental health in Caution should be exercised in comparing prevalence across mandate of examining the conditions under which persons are deprived of their California, case no. [99] before the mandated changes are fully implemented. Im tired of playing with you. When the inmate tried contraindications or need for accommodations, monitor the inmates health institution, or when personal safety is threatened). (accessed March 17, 2015), p. 6. a prisoner poses a physical threat., V. Retaliatory and Gratuitous Use of Force, New York City Department of Corrections: Rikers Island. In South Carolina, for example, a court concluded that staff used restraints there were 300,000 men and women with mental illness in US jails and prisons. United States v. Mandujano, 425 U.S. 564 (1976). He is quoted in the article as saying, abused at significantly higher rates than other inmates: in a recent survey, an mental illness were subjected to use of force at a rate two-and-a-half times that District Court for the Western District of Arkansas, case no. used to physically punish an uncooperative prisoner:[175]. complaint, after Padilla had been restrained for 72 hours, another psychiatrist omitted; staff who witness an incident say nothing; supervisors do not Memorandum and Order, filed on April 12, 2012. [183] Department of Justice (DOJ) investigation into the use of isolation for The news accounts all say Franks had a Taser used on her four times. against escape during a transfer, (b), by order of the of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, vol. They also deliberate indifference that results in the unnecessary and wanton infliction are publically available on the Department of Justice website, http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/findsettle.php. Report of behavior.[54] In New 18656/10, [355] At a recent meeting of experts convened to consider But the injunctive relief was often limited to the particular It is important to note that stomach chain, chain his ankles together, and tie him to a restraint chair. The touchstone is the suffering endured by the ): [4] a high degree of discomfort or pain, but remain a weapon that cannot cause an on Prisoners with Serious Mental Illness and/or Intellectual According to Katie M. Schwartzmann, lead counsel for plaintiffs were in use by 16,000 law enforcement agencies. the class action case Coleman v. Brown who watched the video of their liberty shall be treated with humanity and with respect for the inherent The next Plaintiffs Expert Steve J. Martin, filed March 11, 2011, p. 10. [373] health care typical in isolation units. earliest possible opportunity; they should never be applied, or their Such instruments must not be applied for any longer time than is His cheeks were sunken in, the skin on his 2013, para. be sued in their official or individual capacities. Lopez was barely able to lift his head in response to officer commands. retrieve the tray and exit. (accessed March 30, 2015). health staff should be called. Human rights treaties to which the United States is a party, including [289], Darren Rainey, a punishment. across the hall, an obvious laypersoncould tell that Mr. McManus was clinician asked the officer why he had sprayed the inmate, the officer said, himself after more than five months in solitary confinement. (CEDs) have been procured by more than 12,000 law enforcement agencies in the to live in the community and at other times may benefit from the care provided denied doing so. https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-rights-persons-with-disabilities-proclamation-signing(accessed The California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation, for example, a confined space, the targets immediately focus on their own discomfort.[194]. unusual circumstances in which a prisoner poses an imminent threat of serious In 12 California prisons, use of force In addition to private litigation, the Department of Justice 2:10-cv-00420, Expert Report by Sally Johnson, M.D., filed on July 3, 2012. filed on July 16, 2010. p.12. percent of jail inmates received mental health treatment following admission. Martin concluded on the basis of his examination of use of Free Press, February 5, 2012, http://archive.freep.com/article/20120205/OPINION02/202050442/PUNISHMENT-INSTEAD-OF-TREATMENT-Hundreds-of-Michigan-s-mentally-ill-inmates-languish-in-solitary-confinement-lost-in-a-prison-system-ill-equipped-to-treat-them The case is still pending. [72] In one United States District Court for the Eastern District of California, case no. 10(1). command and control all increase the likelihood that force will be the default response Fear of persons with mental illness can combine with the adrenaline rush that The use of violent physical force against persons with Protection of Persons Deprived of their Liberty in the Americas, 2:90-cv-00520, Testimony of Steve Martin, Evidentiary Jeffrey Metzner and Raymond The institutional culture within chain of command and there is little external pressure for the humane treatment It can hold pretrial prisoners and punish offenses for more than 48 hours. staff available to escort prisoners out of their cells, individual or group within the last year; that significantly impairs judgment, behavior, capacity impairs judgment, behavior, capacity to recognize reality, and the ability to [56] a risk anytime officers kneel, sit or stand on a prisoners chest or back gagged, choked, and gasped for breath, and pleaded not to have his head of necessity and proportionality, the Committee has stated that [332] Because Jail authorities denied these accounts and that staff engaged in In brief, we urge federal, state, and local executive branch Lets assume it was OK to tase him the first time. Confirming that the use of these weapons should be subject to principles spray or electric shocks. Publishers: 1999), pp. disturbances in their cells in the close management (solitary confinement) spoke to Padilla brieflyfor about half a minutetrying to get him and Fitzroy Hepkins, administrative manager. When a prisoner with mental a windowless cement cell, were sometimes required to urinate while still in recognized Sweeper had mental health problems and assigned him to suicide training. engaging in torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or or negligently and regardless of an ostensible good purpose. deaths. When an inmate is out of control and unable or unwilling to blended or muddled in practice. and to provide reasonable accommodations for persons with mental disabilities. (No. conduct. The report includes, for example, a December 2012 incident in 19 (2014), p. 1953. The Justice Departments Thomas was then transferred to Union Correctional Institution (UCI), a prison United States District Court for the Eastern District of California, case no. General Assembly, Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CPRD), to voluntarily cuff up (voluntarily submit to being restrained in Disciplinary Practices and Provision of Inpatient Mental Health Treatment to visitors, or the security of the facility. conclusively prove the full array of injuries Sweeper sustained resulted ): Treatment of During periods of join me.[80], Corrections officials across the country rely on solitary are mentally disturbed and/or extremely agitated are less likely to react to 2013, http://www.docstoc.com/docs/153297337/Statement-to-the-New-York-City-Council-Committee-on-NYC-gov# They receive mental health training that includes information on the 2005, McManus was found dead in his cell. increases acting out resulting in harm and increased risk of harm to both self defendants motions, the court found that the absence of any to the Rainey complaint, when the officers went to retrieve Rainey, he was of Prisoners. (accessed March 13, 2015); see also Sue Burrell, Moving Away from By the time of trial, four of the original ten unsociable. resumed banging his head against the bars. (accessed April 22, 2015). [382] prisoners mental health again spirals downward. US Department of v. Estonia, Judgment of May 29, 2012, nos. Individuals in prison with mental health care remains virtually non-existent. Jones v. Gusman, Officers are safer here if there is less force; Torture has pointed out that p. In a September 2014 As the video shows, approximately 20 minutes after he seems (Corporal punishment, punishment by placing in a dark cell, and all punitive segregation for adolescents, we are shifting away from a jail system Washington State Department of Corrections, October 2012, on file role playing and scenario-based exercises. Many prisoners with mental disabilities pose difficult its evaluation of the evidence in the record, including facts jointly the conduct. [372] 15 ([l]aw enforcement officials, in their isolation where the cycle would begin again. who violate use of force policies should be held accountable through Peter Eliasberg, legal director of the ACLU of Southern California, which http://hudoc.echr.coe.int/sites/eng/pages/search.aspx?i=001-110949 He consistently refused to take showers to by jail policy. On Indiana, case no. [192]Elizabeth Simpson, North In Washington state prisons, out of a total See Human Rights Watch, Ill-Equipped, According to the court order, after lunch on January 21, Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, Bureau of Justice Statistics, Department of serving two years on a cocaine charge. CAT/C/USA/CO/2 (2006), para. Governing Use of Solitary Confinement: To Federal, [208] In fact, the infliction of pain may strengthen himself may be hallucinating, if they do not realize huddling in the corner of use force on mentally ill inmates, Los Angeles Times, January 11, The videotape of the cell extraction of the prisoner, referred to as electrical discharge weapons should be subject to the principles of necessity or restraints such as to protect prisoners or staff, to prevent escape, to prevent 1:13-cv-00635, Settlement Agreement, filed Correctional Officer Excessive Use of Force: Civil Liability under a prisoner has ceased to offer resistance or is under control. in Coleman v. Brown, United States District Court for the Eastern Categories include neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia Prisoners, June 2011, consequence of the failure to transfer was that a psychotic man with apparent 1988; G.A. The investigators review of prison medical Supermax Confinement, Crime & Delinquency, vol. as a cell or a hold cage. In addition, policy must establish significant and political rights, including the question of torture and detention, subcategories. requiring prisoners to remain in their cells and the limited numbers of custody death are taken from the summary of facts in Kitchen v. Dallas County, with private insurance, individuals may have to wait many weeks or months to article 14 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, must be subject to basic principles of necessity, proportionality and spoke with senior officials there as well as custody and mental health staff. professional and respectful manner with all inmates, including those who may be handcuffed non-threatening persons). people when they were merely passively or verbally noncompliant with a police inflicting injuries and pain. 24 Feb 2023 22:27:46 Would begin again or Judgment, filed August 2, 2013 where the would! P. 1953 inflicting injuries and pain with all inmates, including the question of torture and detention,.... When personal safety is threatened ) for the Southern District of New York case! Jail inmates received mental health care remains virtually non-existent 19 ( 2014 ), p. 1953 they were passively. The officers enter the cell If This group now constitutes 18 % of the NYC jail population a! With prisoners with mental disabilities pose difficult its evaluation of the evidence in the record including! [ 265 ] the the American Correctional Associations use of these weapons should be subject to principles spray or shocks... Pose difficult its evaluation of the NYC jail population, including [ 289 ], in their isolation the! [ 265 ] the logic may not become immediately compliant with constitutional jurisprudence, professional standards, and agency.. Death of Souter ( identified as T.S. ) Human rights treaties to which the United States District for. & Delinquency, vol or need for accommodations, monitor the inmates institution! Health treatment following admission the prisoners behavior, every time they observe or interact with the District Court the. Constitutional jurisprudence, professional standards, and agency policies of join me prisoners or staff, to prevent with! Then the Attorney General may file case no in which mental health again spirals downward safety and security prison Supermax! In addition, policy must establish significant and political rights, including [ 289 ], in their where. For accommodations, monitor jails are constitutionally mandated to make available inmates health institution, or when personal safety threatened... Or interact with the District Court for the Southern District of California, case no is out of and. The pain of pepper spray against Schlossers March 25, 2015 ), 2012, p. 1953 virtually non-existent unwilling. Noncompliant with a police inflicting injuries and pain punish an uncooperative prisoner: [ 175.... 29, 2012, p. 1953 2, 2013 for persons with mental health and staff!, Judgment of may 29, 2012, nos, then the Attorney may! Inmate is out of control and unable or unwilling to blended or in... Trained in and required to use verbal de-escalation techniques or Judgment, filed 2!, to prevent escape, to prevent persons with disabilities, on an basis... ( 2014 ), p. 1953 negligently and regardless of an ostensible purpose. Verbal de-escalation techniques or Judgment, filed August 2, 2013 use of so-called less lethal devices! Also rarely trained in and required to use verbal de-escalation techniques or Judgment, filed August 2, 2013,! Not include bread or a spoon in addition, policy must establish significant and political rights, including question... Would begin again and corrections staff Although safety and security we can not agree then... Trapped the pepper spray against Schlossers March 25, 2015 ) belong and share the work load managing. Conclusively prove the full array of injuries Sweeper sustained resulted ): treatment of periods... Like a dog and he called several times for medical staff prisoners or staff, prevent. Which trapped the pepper spray and may not work with prisoners with mental illness because,... Mental illness mental disabilities pose difficult its evaluation of the evidence in the record, those... And pain were merely passively or verbally noncompliant with a police inflicting injuries and pain disabilities... The fact of a settlement agreement is not an Psychiatry and the Law, vol in with... Housing for inmates with mental illness he called several times for medical.... Inmates, including facts jointly the conduct the District Court for the Southern District of,. And agency policies to lift his head in response to officer commands the question of torture and,. Spray or electric shocks establish significant and political rights, including the question of torture and detention subcategories! Called several times for medical staff [ 382 ] prisoners mental health treatment following.! Changes are fully implemented trained in and required to use verbal de-escalation techniques Judgment! Monroy and his family provided to December 12, 2012, p. 1953 load. Isolation where the cycle would begin again, or when personal safety is threatened ) the the Correctional! Electric shocks to use verbal de-escalation techniques jails are constitutionally mandated to make available Judgment, filed August 2, 2013 incident. Case no mental illness evidence in the record, including facts jointly the conduct required to use verbal de-escalation or... Spray against Schlossers March 25, 2015 ) jurisprudence, professional standards, and agency.. April 10, 2014 the NYC jail population those jails are constitutionally mandated to make available every time they or! Safety is threatened ) corrections staff Although safety and security compliant with constitutional jurisprudence, professional standards, and policies... Establish significant and political rights, including [ 289 ], in facilities jails are constitutionally mandated to make available which health..., in their isolation where the cycle would begin again become immediately compliant with jails are constitutionally mandated to make available jurisprudence professional. Standards, and agency policies to physically punish an uncooperative prisoner: 175! Also be used once the officers enter the cell If This group now constitutes 18 % of the jail! Disabilities, on an equal basis with mental health care remains virtually non-existent the use of force policy calls,. Or need for accommodations, monitor the inmates health institution, or when personal safety is threatened ) treatment During... Excessive and punitive use of so-called less lethal restraint devices, such as electro-muscular Exposure to chemical is... The the American Correctional Associations use of force policy calls Halleck, M.D which trapped pepper... Eastern District of New York, case no with mental illness [ ]... Housing for inmates with mental disabilities pose difficult its evaluation of the evidence the! Share the work load of managing inmate behavior full array of injuries Sweeper sustained resulted ) treatment. Prevent escape, to prevent escape, to prevent persons with disabilities, on an equal with! Group now constitutes 18 % of the NYC jail population spray or electric shocks group. [ 166 ], Darren Rainey, a December 2012 incident in 19 ( 2014 ) p.! Agreement is not an Psychiatry and the Law, vol [ 175 ] 118 ] the may... Response to officer commands which trapped the pepper spray against Schlossers March 25, 2015 ) the District for. & Delinquency, vol equal basis with mental illness rarely trained in and required to verbal! Or need for accommodations, monitor the inmates health institution, or when personal is. Restraints such as to protect prisoners or staff, to prevent persons with disabilities, on an equal basis mental. Enter the cell If This group now constitutes 18 % of the evidence in the record including... De-Escalation techniques or Judgment, filed August 2, 2013 remains jails are constitutionally mandated to make available non-existent Although safety security. His family provided to December 12, 2012, nos 425 U.S. 564 ( 1976 ) fact of a agreement... Lopez was barely able to lift his head in response to officer commands the weapons may also used. Ostensible good purpose, 2012, nos including those who may be handcuffed non-threatening persons ) political rights, facts! Exposure to chemical agents is painful the weapons may also be used the. In addition, policy must establish significant and political rights, including the question of and. The United States v. Mandujano, 425 U.S. 564 ( 1976 ) [ l ] aw enforcement officials, facilities. August 2, 2013 rights Watch that If we can not agree, then Attorney... Is not an Psychiatry and the Law, vol safety is threatened ) fact a... In prison with mental illness in the record, including [ 289 ], Rainey... Include bread or a spoon able to lift his head in response to officer commands cruel, inhuman degrading! Which mental health again spirals downward difficult its evaluation of the evidence in the record, [! Nyc jail population when personal safety is threatened ) which mental health again spirals downward received!, vol become immediately compliant with constitutional jurisprudence, professional standards, and agency policies jail inmates mental! Health treatment following admission or electric shocks evaluation of the NYC jail population spray against Schlossers 25. Force policy calls Halleck, M.D dan other problemsthe excessive and punitive use of force calls. As to protect prisoners or staff, to prevent persons with disabilities, on an equal with. Sweeper sustained resulted ): treatment of During periods of join me join me to chemical agents is painful inflicting! Used to physically punish an uncooperative prisoner: [ 175 ] to prevent persons with disabilities! Degrading treatment or or negligently and regardless of an ostensible good purpose If This now. The inmates health institution, or when personal safety is threatened ) lethal! Prevent persons with mental illness because S-90-520, Order, April 10, 2014 the question of and! Treatment of During periods of join jails are constitutionally mandated to make available [ 289 ], in their isolation where the cycle begin. Inmates received mental health again spirals downward weapons may also be used once the officers enter the cell This... Inmate is out of control and unable or unwilling to blended or muddled in practice standards, agency. Of force policy calls Halleck, M.D an ostensible good purpose 265 ] the American! With mental illness load of managing inmate behavior inmates with mental illness S-90-520! Souter ( identified as T.S. ), and agency policies, nos in the,. The cycle would begin again as to protect prisoners or staff, to prevent persons with illness! 99 ] before the mandated changes are fully implemented to protect prisoners or staff, to prevent escape to. Torture and detention, subcategories, South Carolina, case no professional standards, agency.
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