Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Khutzeymateen Valley grizzly bear study. 1994. Rationalization for this DU was based on the loss of the species from the unique Prairie ecozone in the late 1800s, yet the Prairie Grizzly Bear was undoubtedly continuous in range with the current Western population. Population estimates in much of the range are highly uncertain; the Canadian population is estimated at 26,000, but the number of mature individuals is uncertain and could be close to 10,000. Nagy. Robbins, M.E. OccurrenceQuebec, Newfoundland and Labrador. Reynolds, J.W. Horsetails remain important during summer, but forbs are also heavily used. Quigley. 1965. Subsequent reclassifications identified three (Kurtén 1973) or seven (Hall 1984) subspecies. 1988; Mattson 1997; Haszard and Shaw 2000; Bertram and Vivion 2002; Nacho Nyak Dun First Nation et al. Are the causes of the decline clearly reversible and understood and ceased? Age variation in gross and histological characteristics of the testis and epididymis in grizzly bears. xiv + 84 pp. The range of δ15N values in hair and claw samples (2.0–11.0‰) suggested a wide niche-width, and cluster analyses indicated the presence of three foraging groups within the study area, ranging from near-complete herbivory to near-complete carnivory. Grizzly Bears den in winter and enter hibernation (dormancy) for up to 7 months, with length of hibernation related to latitude. Table 7. Mattson, D.J., C.M. (2005) observed that only one of 11 males died a natural death, whereas natural and non-natural mortality rates were similar for females. Causes and rate of moose mortality in the southwest Yukon. Because activities including intensive recreational, residential, and infrastructure developments may exist in identified protected areas (e.g., mountain parks like Banff National Park), not all portions of protected areas are Grizzly Bear sanctuaries (Bertch and Gibeau 2010). Goski. Notes on mammals of the Labrador interior. 1988; Ross et al. Int. Reed. Ursus 21: 43-56. However, a General Status rank for the Grizzly Bear in Nunavut has not yet been brought to the Nunavut Wildlife Management Board for decision. Interagency Grizzly Bear Committee, Washington, DC. Forest insect pests (all of which are native species) and Black Bear competitors, Habitat changes as a result of climate change are unknown and could go in both directions depending on geography within range, Species at Risk Act: COSEWIC assessments and status reports, Overview of Direct Human-Caused Mortality, Acknowledgements and Authorities Contacted, Biographical Summary of the Report Writer. Would immigrants be adapted to survive in Canada? Lands Directorate, Environment Canada. W. Stendell and E. von Martens, tom. Bunnell. McLellan, B. 1991. 2001), this food source was not observed by McLellan and Hovey (1995). J.A. Livestock can also be important prey for Grizzly Bears (COSEWIC 2002). South of 55 degrees it is not known to occur that I have any trustworthy information of. Honeyman, J. Natural longevity is around 20–30 years. For example, McLoughlin (2003), Peek et al. 2003a). Pages 15-25 in M. Taylor, ed. McLellan, J.G. 2005. Provincial Wildlife Status Biologist, Dept. Birchdale Ecological Ltd., Kaslo, BC, Canada Rowland, Jennifer. Confronted only with risks due to natural mortality, adult Grizzly Bear survival is generally high (above 90% per year), with natural rates of cub and yearling survival being lower. Bears living in drier and colder interior or northern environments typically require much larger home ranges (McLoughlin et al. Cheviot Mine Project: specific and cumulative environmental effects analysis for mammalian carnivores. Canadian Journal of Zoology 73:704-712. There is, therefore, no evidence at this time to consider Grizzly Bears that once resided in the Prairie Ecozone as a separate DU from that of the Western population. Seasonal aggregations of fish species other than salmon may also serve as locally important food sources. Home range size in Grizzly Bears is negatively correlated with general habitat quality (McLoughlin et al. Most management agencies direct harvest toward male bears by protecting females and family groups and by scheduling hunting seasons when males are relatively active. December 2010. There is, however, variability in known trends for particular areas within Grizzly Bear range. Snortland Pellissey, Jody. Weight loss in hibernating wild bears ranges from 16 to 37% (Hellgren 1998). Genetic studies on Grizzly Bears conducted over the past 15 years have demonstrated genetic variability within and among populations. No natural rescue effect from any source is likely possible for the extinct Ungava population. Available (Accessed: December 6, 2011 ). Elk, Cervus elaphus, calves as food for grizzly bears, Ursus arctos, in Banff National Park, Alberta. Grizzly bear population abundance, distribution, and connectivity across British Columbia's southern Coast Ranges. 2003; Apps et al. Gibeau, M.L. British Columbia was, moreover, largely unsampled in this study, which used ordination methods to cluster what could be interpreted as continuous data. Yes, in southern Alberta and BC where fragmentation at the southern extent of Grizzly Bear range is occurring. As this methodology provided the basis for the evaluation of grizzly bear status in all British Columbia Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) Population Estimate. Their NatureServe and General Status conservation rank in the territory is “SNR – Not Ranked”, and Sensitive”, respectively. [4] Luckily for us, polar bears are only found in the most northern areas of Alaska and Canada, and all of Greenland. Home range overlap also appears to have a non-linear relationship with habitat, whereby high overlap may be expected in areas that are both highly predictable with high food availability (e.g., salmon runs) and unpredictable with low amounts of food (e.g., tundra), with less overlap of home ranges expected in moderate environments (McLoughlin et al. 55 pp. Wildlife Management Advisory Council (North Slope) and the Aklavik Hunters and Trappers Committee. 2011. Lutsel K’e First Nation, B. Parlee, M. Basil, and N. Casaway. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 97, 1651–1654. Effects of transportation infrastructure on grizzly bears in Northwestern Montana. (2003) and McLellan (2005) found no evidence for such an effect in North America. Grizzly Bears are legally hunted in Canada through the managed sale of licences in BC, Yukon, the NT, and Nunavut. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 8:357-373. Mortality rates and causes of death. Edwards et al. Loring, S., and A. Spiess. In the Northwest Territories, Grizzly Bears are considered “Big Game” in territorial legislation. Hilderbrand, G.V., C.C. For example, Ferguson and McLoughlin (2000) found such factors to be highly correlated with habitat quality (primary productivity) and seasonality; they clustered broadly into 2–3 groups (depending on the analysis): coastal, interior, and barren-ground bears. 2012. Their fur color ranges from black to light brown, making color a poor method of identification. Guo, and G. Stenhouse. Behavior, bears, and humans. A well-preserved grizzly bear skull recovered from a late glacial deposit near Lake Simcoe, Ontario. Grizzly Bears were the primary cause of adult Moose mortality in southwestern Yukon (Larsen et al. Canadian Journal of Zoology 77:1623-1630. August 2010. Technical Report #6. Grizzly and Black Bear densities in interior British Columbia. Is the total population severely fragmented? Hence, a hunting strategy that causes less than 3% total annual mortality may be appropriate throughout much of Grizzly Bear range in Canada, although factors such as management scale and habitat productivity may affect this number (McCullough 1996). Inuuvik Community Corporation, Tuktuuyaqtuuq Community Corporation and Akłarvik Community Corporation. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1997. Thompson, Amy. Apps, C., D. Paetkau, S. Rochetta, B. McLellan, A. Hamilton, and B. Bateman. Ursus 10:357-376. He resides in Warman, SK, with his wife Tamara. The newly defined Ungava population was designated Extinct in May 2012. Quotas set the maximum number of bears an outfitter’s clients may take within their Guide Outfitter Area. Reproductive maturation and senescence in the female brown bear. The proportion of mature individuals tends to be lower in hunted than non-hunted populations, particularly adult males (Miller 1990). 1990. In coastal regions of Alaska and Canada they are generally referred to as brown bear. Demography and population trend of grizzly bears in the Swan Mountains, Montana. The GBRP has collected 45,000 grizzly bear locations using GPS radio collars, as shown in Map. Grangaard, and D.G. Traditional Use of Grizzly Bear in the Richardson Mountains, NT. Nagy, J.A. Grizzly Bears in the lower 48 states were listed in 1975 under the Endangered Species Act as Threatened (USFWS 1993), a status the species retains to this day. Associate Professor, Wildlife Ecology & Management, Department of Natural Resource Sciences Thompson Rivers University, P.O. Proctor, M.F., B.N. 1996. Canadians generally value the Grizzly Bear, despite real and perceived dangers to human life and conflicts over property including pets and livestock. Journal of Wildlife Management 60:1-9. Is there an inferred continuing decline in number of populations? * Formerly described as “Vulnerable” from 1990 to 1999, or “Rare” prior to 1990. 2002b). Grizzly Bears share the basic digestive anatomy and physiology of other Carnivora (Rode et al. The country's bear watching is second to none. Nagy, J.A., R.H. Russell, A.M. Pearson, M.C.S. 2000), up to 2 orders of magnitude greater than the largest coastal Alaskan home ranges (Table 3). For the Western DU as a whole, Grizzly Bear habitat has likely remained close to the same as in past COSEWIC reports, dating back to Banci (1991), with the notable exception of the southern extent of the range in B.C. 26 pp. Hall, E.R. Edwards et al. 1995. Status of the Grizzly Bear (Ursus arctos) in Alberta: Update 2010. Woods, D.W. Carney, M.L. 2011) from analyses of samples from 22 localities in western Canada, Alaska, and Yellowstone. The Grizzly Bear has been long thought to have a most recent common ancestor with the Ussuri Brown Bear(U. a. lasiotus) of northeastern Asia. Edmonton, AB. Extirpated (XT)A wildlife species no longer existing in the wild in Canada, but occurring elsewhere. U.S. University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada. Seip. 2009. December 2010. Labrador grizzly (Ursus arctos L.): First skeletal evidence. Status and management of the grizzly bear in the lower 48 United States. For example, BC passed legislation in 1997 that prohibits possession of bear gall bladders or any part or derivative of a bear gall bladder. Hovey, F.W. MacHutchon, A.G. 1996. Wakkinen, and W.F. Clark, D. & D.S. Horejsi, B.L. 2003. Environment Canada, Ottawa. January 2012. NatureServe. BCMOE (Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks). 2000. 1999b. McLellan. Conservation Biology 12:408-417. 8 Includes all kills occurring in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region, Gwich’in Settlement Area, and remaining Northwest Territories. Grizzly Bear anatomical parts are valuable, and trade (for many reasons, including traditional Asian medicines) may be an underlying motive for some illegal killing, although this is likely a relatively small contribution to the overall unreported/illegal kill of Grizzly Bears in Canada. Cox, S. 1977. For example, Grizzly Bears in central coastal BC roamed widely during the berry season, using 10 berry species in divergent habitats (Hamilton and Bunnell 1987). The rate is even lower for grizzlies living here in the Canadian Rockies. Reynolds, E.R. Aklaq/Aklak (Inuktitut/Inuvialuit – Uummarmiut dialect); Aghat, (Inuktitut - Inuinnaqtun); Aklah (Inuktitut); Shih (Gwich’in); Sahcho (Dene); Sahsho (North Slavey); Dlézi (Dene); Lik’inskw (Nisgaa); Sahtso (Tlicho); Xzltsl’ or Xoots (Tlingit); Shär dottho (Hän); Shashchō (Tagish); Kelowna or Kee-lau-naw or Smxéycn (Salish); Qat’muk (Ktunaxa); Hyas itswoot or Siam or Shayam (Chinook); Skmxis (Shuswap); Xaw gas (Tla’amin); Mistahiya or Meestachaya (Cree), Mayuk (Sechelt), Nitakyaio (Blackfeet), Sass-tsho (Chipewyan), Matashu (Mushua-Innu), Midiik (Tsimshian); lā'ulās (Kutenai), Səxʷxuxʷ (Nlaka'pamux), L’shakkwalâ moshkwa (Cree Michif). ... grizzly bears at different map scales (Fuhr and Demarchi 1990). A few Grizzly Bears now occur in tundra regions of northeast Manitoba. Department of Environment and Natural Resources (ENR), Government of the Northwest Territories. J. Craighead et al. 2002; Boulanger et al. Alberta Sustainable Resource Development. This system uses the probability of killing a female bear in any given hunt to determine the total harvest allocation. Roever, C., M.S. 3. Noss, and P.C. Ursus 14:109-119. Eastern Slopes grizzly bear project: a progress report for 1996. McCullough, D.R. Grizzly Bears interact directly with humans, cause real and perceived conflicts over property, and can endanger human life. Table 3. Ghost runs: management and status assessment of Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) Grizzly Bears, Ursus arctos, in Wapusk National Park, Northeastern Manitoba. Pleistocene brown bears in the mid-continent of North America. February 2011. Mace, R.D. Ursus 10:41-47. MacHutchon, A.G., S. Himmer, and C.A. B. Harvald and J.P.H. Gwich’in Renewable Resources Board (GRRB), P.O. Volume I: State of knowledge. For example, bears receiving anthropogenic food rewards in response to particular behaviours tend to quickly become food-conditioned (McCullough 1982). The protected areas are known internationally as Canada’s first Grizzly Bear sanctuary and are home to one of the highest concentrations of grizzly bears in Canada. A number of populations at the southern range extent in Canada (e.g., in Alberta and southern BC) are in decline (Tables 4 and 5; Proctor et al. These difficulties lead to low precision in most estimates of Grizzly Bear density. 2007. Recently, efforts to model areas of relatively high security for Grizzly Bears (areas where bears can meet their energetic needs while avoiding human-caused mortality) have informed conservation-based land-use planning initiatives, including identification of habitat linkage zones (e.g., Gibeau et al. Map of the Ungava Peninsula of Quebec and Labrador showing the postulated range of the ‘Ungava’ Grizzly Bear in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (within dashed line). For pregnant females, which give birth during the denning period, costs of latter-stage gestation and lactation must also be met in the absence of foraging. Arctic Borderlands Ecological Knowledge Co-op Community Reports 2006-2007. Phenotypic variation across the species’ North American range originally resulted in the description of more than 90 subspecies in Canada, the United States, and Mexico (Merriam 1918). Theberge, J., S. Herrero, and S. Jevons. Grizzly Bear populations “under optimal conditions for reproduction, natural mortality, and with males twice as vulnerable as females” are estimated to be able to sustain a maximum annual harvest of 5.7% (Miller 1990). Hamilton, A.N. Paquet. Mattson, D.J., K.C. 2006; Lutsel K’e First Nation et al. Case, R.L. Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. Reproductive characteristics of the male grizzly bear in the continental United States. Ursus arctos. McLellan, B.N. McLoughlin et al. Victoria, BC. The best identifier for a grizzly bear is the large hump on their shoulders that is best seen while they are walking. Ryan, C. 1981. On June 5, 2003, the Species at Risk Act (SARA) was proclaimed. Grizzly bear demographics in and around Banff National Park and Kananaskis Country, Alberta. Size and growth patterns of the Yellowstone grizzly bear. 2008). PVA has been used to evaluate effects of hunting strategies on Canadian Grizzly Bear population dynamics, and to highlight how lack of precise data on Grizzly Bear vital rates precludes meaningful analyses of population viability. 1989. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada. Faculty of Environmental Design, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada. Senior Large Carnivore Biologist, Ministry of Environment, Government of British Columbia. January 2012. Golder Associates Ltd. 2003. (2012) documented larger-than-average genetic distances associated with the extensive icefields and glaciers along the coastal mountains of BC and Yukon, the interior mountain and plateau habitats in northern BC, and the heavily glaciated sections of the Continental Divide in Alberta and BC. Outfitting areas are allocated a base quota for male and female Grizzly Bears which represents 6% and 2% of the estimated male and female population respectively (Environment Yukon, unpublished data). Han, Siu-Ling. Brown bears once occupied much of Europe, Asia, the Middle East and North Africa. Search efforts used to locate Grizzly Bears and to measure population size across their range in Canada vary substantially, and have included methods as varied as surveys, ATK reports, harvest and fur returns, conventional and DNA-based mark-recapture analysis, and other population census techniques. International Conference on Bear Research and Management 9:43-50. Phyl. Schirokauer, D.W. and H.M. Boyd. Biology, demography, ecology and management of grizzly bears in and around Banff National Park and Kananaskis Country. Longevity of mammals in captivity; from the living collections of the world. Case, H.D. There is evidence of an expanding distribution and increasing local abundance of Grizzly Bears in mainland Nunavut and into Manitoba, and the Arctic Archipelago of NT and Nunavut (see Distribution – Canadian Range). Court, Gordon. Landscape Ecology 20: 811-826. This has important influences on probability of area occupancy and thus can factor into functional habitat loss to Grizzly Bears--the ultimate factor limiting their abundance and distribution. However, McLoughlin (2003) suggested 2.8% as a sustainable kill where conditions are less than ideal, and only 1.1% in low-quality habitats where primary productivity is very low, such as in the Low Arctic tundra regions of Canada (where Grizzly Bears have very late ages at first reproduction and primary productivity is <600 g/m²/year; Ferguson and McLoughlin 2000). Policy Sciences. Wildlife Management Planning Series No. Ecology and management of large mammals in North America. Canadian Journal of Zoology 69:2985-2992. Management plan for grizzly bears in Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management 59:552-560. West slopes bear research project. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK. They also have the hump on their shoulders like that of grizzly bear. In the Low Arctic tundra of Nunavut, average duration of den occupancy is 185 days (6.2 months) for males and 199 days (6.6 months) for females (McLoughlin et al. Bouchard, R. and D. Kennedy. 2005). Bear experts blame drive-by poaching for the illegal killing of grizzlies in Alberta. Ursus 15:35-47. The degree to which the quota is affected offers a strong incentive to either discontinue hunting once the female quota is reached or to be very selective in hunting males only. Hamer, D. and S. Herrero. Foothills Institute. A meta-analysis of 6 studies from different parts of Grizzly Bear range yielded a range of 25.6-59%, with a midpoint of 42% bears (Schwartz et al. 1983b. Conversion to cropland typically permanently removes that land as Grizzly Bear habitat, although some bears may venture into croplands at the fringe of their range during summer months (Collingwood et al. 2001. Kendall, and D.P. 1997; 1998; Leonard 2000). In: IUCN 2010. Accidental collisions account for up to 5.9% of the known human kills each year in Alberta (2000–2009). The most broadly used techniques include capture-mark-resight with or without radio-telemetry (Miller et al. Talbot, S.L., and G.F. Shields. Biological Conservation 120: 101-113. Director of Wildlife Management, Nunavut Wildlife Management Board (NWMB), P.O. Hilderbrand, G.V., C.C. Residents and non-residents may hunt in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region with permission. 2012). 2007. Cubs are born in the den in January or February. There is no specific legal status for Grizzly Bears in Manitoba, Quebec or Newfoundland and Labrador, under either provincial species at risk or wildlife legislation. 2012). Refinement of taxonomic criteria (Rausch 1963) led to the widely accepted identification of two subspecies, U. a. middendorffi, identifying the very large Brown Bears from the Kodiak Island archipelago, and U. a. horribilis, for the remainder of North America. Essential elements of bear hibernation include the maintenance of survival metabolic costs through catabolism of stored fat and protein, and the lack of urination or defecation for long periods. Grizzly bear compendium. At birth, cubs weigh approximately 0.5 kg. Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada, Exploration and Mining in British Columbia 2011 (, British Columbia Grizzly Bear Population Estimate for 2012 (, Guidelines for Recognizing Designatable Units, Bears and humans: How Canadian park managers are dealing with grizzly bear populations in a northern landscape, Managing risks of decline for hunted populations of grizzly bears given uncertainty in population parameters (, NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life, Inuvialuit Knowledge of Nanuq: Community and Traditional Knowledge of Polar Bear in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region (, www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/species/mammals/grizzly, Invasive & other problematic species & genes, Range of occurrence in Canada: British Columbia, Alberta, Yukon, Northwest Territories, Nunavut, Saskatchewan, Manitoba. Data compiled from material provided to the author by associated jurisdictions. McLellan, M. Proctor, and C. Strobeck. Boulanger J, S. Himmer, and C. Swan. Grizzly Bear habitat in northeast Manitoba is almost entirely publicly owned (contained within Crown lands and Wapusk National Park). Stenhouse. Unreported mortalities have also been documented in west-central Alberta (e.g., McDiarmid 2002). Near Kluane National Park and Reserve, a winter-active Grizzly Bear apparently killed a Wolverine near a Bison carcass, and Grizzly Bears likely influence the use of some carcasses by Wolverine (T. Jung, Environment Yukon, pers. In the Brooks Range of Alaska, prime breeding condition for males was from ages 9–18: a full one-third of cubs with known fathers were sired by males 9–11 years old, and only one male over 18 years bred successfully (L. Craighead et al. Grizzly bear recovery plan. Grizzly Bear photo (Emily Court). In present times, individuals from the Rocky Mountain foothills continue to foray on occasion into the Alberta prairie (Environment Canada 2009). 2000. 2006). 2006. Human-caused mortality is a major contributor to overall mortality in most areas where Grizzly Bears occur, and is related to sex and age. Grizzly bears have male-biased dispersal, with subadult male Grizzly Bears usually dispersing upon independence, whereas subadult females are commonly more philopatric (LeFranc et al. (2004) found changes in the demography of bear populations at salmon streams in association with observed levels of salmon availability. 1963. On the prairies, grizzlies lacked areas of shelter for retreat, so became accustomed to … Salmon and ungulates are particularly important dietary components. Roads University, Cambridge, UK category ”, respectively former assistant guide to hunt grizzly bears the! Rare ” prior to 1990 the mid-1800s ( Servheen 1999a ) ( report )! Much higher this document, i.e of Banci ( 1991 ) or 5 generations, or “ ”! Provide a rescue effect for the illegal killing of grizzlies in Alberta since 2010 coastal!! 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